| 摘要: | 本研究旨在瞭解台北縣市65歲以上之銀髮族的生活型態、老化態度和餐食喜好性間的關係，並以相關問卷進行調查，共得有效樣本600份。透過描述性統計、單因子變異數分析、集群分析和相關分析等統計方法，進行資料分析，獲得研究結果如下：
一、銀髮族餐食喜好性
透過集群分析將銀髮族依其飲食喜好不同，分成三個類組，其中「重口味餐飲組」佔調查總人數的12.16％，而「中口味餐飲組」占42.16％，「輕口味餐飲組」占總人數45.66％，發現「中口味餐飲組」和「輕口味餐飲組」人數最多。其中(一)、重口味餐飲組：各類食物接受度偏高，速食和西式餐食普遍接受度亦高，熱量較高的全脂奶類和全蛋類及口感較好的水果喜好度也相當高。(二)、中口味餐飲組：對於西式餐食和速食喜好度偏低，而熱量較低的脫脂奶和低脂奶及蛋類與口感較差的果泥呈現喜好度較高的狀況。(三)、輕口味餐飲組：此餐飲類組的受試者僅對於傳統主食米類、蔬果類有較高喜好度，屬於較傳統保守的飲食類型。
研究指出銀髮族「飲食喜好」受到個人背景中的「性別」、「年齡」、「婚姻狀況」、「居住型態」、「宗教信仰」、「經濟來源」、「個人每月餐食花費」及「主要餐食來源」等因素影響。
二、銀髮族老化態度
本研究結果指出台北縣市銀髮族的老化態度相當高，其中，銀髮族的「老化認知」和「老化適應」對其「餐食喜好性」而言，具有顯著關係。在「老化認知」和「老化適應」中的「重口味餐飲組」和「中口味餐飲組」平均分數高於「輕口味餐飲組」。
三、銀髮族生活型態
銀髮族其「家庭生活型」和「餐食喜好」有顯著關係，其他三種「生活型態」則和「餐食喜好」無顯著差異性。「重口味餐飲組」(2.94)與「中口味餐飲組」(2.94)平均分數皆顯著高於「輕口味餐飲組」(2.47)。研究結果發現，三種類型的銀髮族，「老化態度」整體和「家庭生活型」皆有顯著相關，而「老化感受」則和「積極活動型」達顯著相關，其餘相關性則較為零散不一致，僅部份相關。 是故，本研究受試者為都會區銀髮族，具有良好的「老化態度」，而在生活型態上，以「家庭生活型」為主要模式，因此在飲食喜好和習慣上大部份都受到家人的影響，有所不同。
依據上述結論，研究者提出以下建議以供參考。在對銀髮族的老化態度部份，建議銀髮族要提高自我覺察的能力，給自己正向想法和力量，並拓展人際交往及多元化的社交活動，嘗試主動和其他人分享自己的想法；用樂觀的態度來面對老化，增加老化的認同感，以更積極的態度來面對老年生活。在其活型態部份則建議銀髮族應積極的調整自己的生活態度，不斷的檢視自己目前的生活形態是否積極樂觀，努力經營自己的生活；透過各種社會資源，培養休閒習慣或興趣，並和家人、鄰居、朋友保持良好溝通，隨時保持的正向生活型態。在他們的飲食喜好部份，則鼓勵銀髮族透過與家人在生活上的溝通，以更為開放心態廣泛接觸各類食物，試著多元化攝取；同時可以了解自己身體狀況，選擇熱量、營養和口感較高、完整性較佳的食物。
此外，應該加強家人與高齡者對銀髮族飲食需求的認知和需求與溝通；政府相關單位可以透過教育資源和傳媒有效推廣銀髮族飲食相關訊息，並且定時舉辦家庭性的飲食活動，使銀髮族的飲食需求能有效傳達。
最後在後續研究部分，未來研究者可以進行較為不同地區或偏遠地區，甚至異國銀髮族的相關研究，找出較佳的範例相互參考。且能運用「普查」或是質性「訪談法」從另一面深入了解銀髮族家庭及老化相關因素與指標對飲喜好的相互影響。
The study aims to understand the relationship between the lifestyles, aging attitudes and meal preferences for seniors over 65 years old in Taipei County. The study conducted a questionnaire survey with 600 effective samples obtained. The study applies descriptive statistics, single factor analysis of variance, cluster analysis, and relevant analysis to obtain results as follows:
1. Senior Meal Preference
The meal preference of seniors is divided into three groups through cluster analysis, from which “heavy taste group” accounted for 12.16% of the total number of surveys. “Medium taste group” accounts for 42.16% and “light taste group” accounts for 45.66% of the total number of surveys, whereas both groups account for the majority of people. In which, (1) Heavy taste group: they have high acceptance to various food, universal acceptance to fast food and western meals, and they tend to show high preference for whole milk and fruit with better texture. (2) Medium taste group: they show low preference to western meals and fast food but rather high preference for skimmed and low-fat milk with lower calories, eggs and fruit puree showing less texture. (3) Light taste group: Objects of such group show high preference only to traditional rice and vegetables, who belong to the dieting type of conservatives.
The study shows that the food preference is subject to influence by factors such as “gender,” “age,” “marital status,” “living style,” “religious belief,” “financial resource,” “personal monthly spending on meals,” and “main meal sources” in personal background.
2. Senior Aging Attitudes
The study results identify strong aging attitudes for seniors in Taipei Country. Among which, there is significant correlation between “aging cognition” and “aging adaptation” with meal preference. The average scores or “aging cognition” and “aging adaptation” are higher for “heavy taste group” and “medium taste group” than “light taste group.”
3. Senior Lifestyles
There is a significant correlation between “family styles” and “meal preference” for seniors while there is no significant difference between other three “family styles” and “meal preference.”The average scores for “heavy taste group (2.94)” and “medium taste group (2.94)” are significantly higher than “light taste group (2.47).”It is discovered from the study that the three types of seniors, overall “aging attitudes” and “family lifestyles” show significant correlation; whereas “aging perception” and “active types” show significant correlation, while others are scattered, inconsistent and only partly relevant. For this reason, the objects of the study consist of metropolitan seniors who have good “aging attitudes” and “family lifestyles” is the main life style pattern. They are likely to differ in dieting preference and habits due to influence from family members.
According to the above conclusion, the researcher proposes the following recommendation for reference. With regards to aging attitudes, seniors are suggested to improve self-awareness, provide themselves with positive thinking and power, expand interpersonal and diverse social activities, as well as attempting to share thoughts with others; face aging with optimistic attitudes, improve cognition to aging, and face senior life with more active attitudes. With regards to lifestyle, seniors are suggested to actively adjust their living attitudes, contentiously inspect whether if their current lifestyles are positive and optimistic, and try to manage their own life; develop leisure habits or interests through various social resources, maintain good communication with family, neighbors and friends, retain positive living attitudes at all time. With regards to dieting preference, seniors are encouraged to open their mind and extensively gain access to various foods through communication with family in life, and attempt a diversity of intakes; in the meantime, they can understand their body conditions, choose food for according to calories, nutrients, high better texture and completion.
In addition, family members should improve awareness, requirement and communication to seniors’ dietary needs demand. The governmental agencies may effectively promote information related to senior dieting through educational resources or media, in addition to organize family dieting activities to effectively convey the dietary needs of seniors.
Finally with regards to the follow-up studies, future researchers may conduct relevant studies on seniors from different regions, remote areas and even foreign seniors, to find out the best examples for cross-referencing. Moreover, “census” or qualitative “interview” methods are commended for implementation to profoundly understand the mutual influence of senior family and aging related factors and indicators to dieting preference. |
