《大公報》和《益世報》社論下的察哈爾抗日同盟軍

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Title:	《大公報》和《益世報》社論下的察哈爾抗日同盟軍 The Chahar Anti-Japanese Allied Forces under the Editorials of “Ta Kung Pao” and “Yi Shi Bao”
Authors:	李承恩 LEE, CHENG-EN
Contributors:	史學系
Keywords:	大公報益事報馮玉祥察哈爾省察哈爾抗日同盟軍 Ta Kung Pao Yishi Bao Feng Yuxiang Chahar Province Chahar Anti-Japanese Allied Army
Date:	2024
Issue Date:	2024-11-25 13:37:14 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	進入1930年代後，中國雖然表面上完成統一，但是對外對內依然危機重重，隨著918事變、128事變、熱河、長城戰役的爆發，國民政府消極的對外策略以及戰事的失利，使得各家輿論對於國民政府的處理方式非常不滿。國民政府在北方的威信也不斷下降，這也使得潛伏在華北的地方實力派，看到了再次挑戰國民政府的機會。馮玉祥便是其中之一。馮玉祥在中原大戰失利後，不得不暫居山西臨汾，但是其一直在觀察政治上的變化，企圖東山再起，隨著918事變的發生，馮玉祥嗅到國民政府即將發生大變，於年底，趁蔣中正下野後，發表南下參加國民黨一中全會的通電，馮玉祥這次南行，華北兩大報《大公報》、《益事報》都給予極高的評價。　　128事變後，中國抗日的情緒雖然一度有熄火的跡象，這段時間馮玉祥也暫時離開輿論中心，但隨熱河戰役和長城戰役的爆發，馮玉祥再次找到機會，在塘沽停戰協議簽訂前，舉起抗日的大旗，發起察哈爾抗日同盟軍。國民政府自然不能容忍，這種割據的行為，於是除了給予軍事上壓力外，還用各種手段離間抗日同盟軍內部。馮玉祥亦體認到，自己已不是國民政府的對手，便宣布解散同盟軍。最終察哈爾抗日同盟軍僅存活了不到三個月。　　察哈爾抗日同盟軍存在的這兩個月裡，卻給華北輿論投下一個震撼彈，其中《大公報》、《益事報》的社論便對此事，表現出兩種不同的看法，《大公報》反對馮玉祥的割據行為，希望馮玉祥回到南京和國民政府合作，《益事報》則認為，馮玉祥的割據行為，是為了抵禦外侮，必須給予諒解。這兩種不同的論點，則建立在兩個報紙的不同發展經歷上，也是當時華北知識分子面對危局時，所體現出的不同思想和意識形態。 After entering the 1930s, although China appeared to have achieved unity on the surface, it still faced numerous internal and external crises. With the outbreak of the Mukden Incident, the January 28 Incident, and the Rehe and Great Wall campaigns, the Nationalist Government’s passive foreign policy and military failures led to widespread dissatisfaction among various public opinions. The government’s prestige in the north continued to decline, presenting local power factions in North China with an opportunity to challenge the Nationalist Government once more. Feng Yuxiang was one such figure. After his defeat in the Central Plains War, he temporarily resided in Linfen, Shanxi, while closely observing political changes, hoping for a comeback. Following the Mukden Incident, Feng sensed a major upheaval within the Nationalist Government and, at the end of the year, announced his intention to head south and participate in the first plenary session of the Kuomintang after Chiang Kai-shek stepped down. Feng’s journey south received high praise from two major northern newspapers, Ta Kung Pao and Yishi Bao. After the January 28 Incident, although anti-Japanese sentiment in China seemed to wane temporarily, Feng Yuxiang retreated from the public eye. However, with the outbreak of the Rehe Campaign and the Great Wall Campaign, Feng seized another opportunity. Before the Tanggu Truce was signed, he took the chance to seize Chahar Province and raised the anti-Japanese banner, forming the Chahar Anti-Japanese Allied Army. The Nationalist Government, naturally intolerant of such separatist actions, applied military pressure and used various means to sow discord within the Allied Army. Realizing he was no longer a match for the Nationalist Government, Feng announced the dissolution of the Allied Army, which ultimately survived for less than three months. During its two-month existence, the Chahar Anti-Japanese Allied Army created a sensation in northern Chinese public opinion. Editorials in Ta Kung Pao and Yishi Bao expressed differing views on the matter. Ta Kung Pao opposed Feng Yuxiang’s separatist actions, hoping he would return to Nanjing and cooperate with the Nationalist Government. Yishi Bao, on the other hand, believed Feng’s separatist actions were a defense against external aggression and should be understood. These differing viewpoints were based on the distinct development histories of the two newspapers and reflected the divergent thoughts and ideologies of northern Chinese intellectuals when faced with the crisis.
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