| 摘要: | 嶺南園林入清以後異軍突起，成為與江南園林、北方園林鼎峙的三大地方風格之一，其關鍵在於清代中西方文化的碰撞融合，但是學界對於清代嶺南園林風格中西融合的關鍵要素缺乏系統性的論證。本文以園林史學與園林美學相結合的跨學科綜合研究方法，從系統論和整體性的角度出發，將清代嶺南園林放置于中西文化交流的大視野下，確定了其發展過程的四個歷史分期，即清初海禁時期（1644-1685）、開海通商時期（1685-1757）、一口通商時期（1757-1842）和五口通商之後（1842-1911），然後仔細分析了當時的社會歷史背景和造園實踐，剖析了嶺南經典園林的藝術風格並總結出規劃佈局、建築組合、疊山理水、植物配置、裝飾藝術等五個方面共27種造園手法，在此基礎上，系統性地回答並梳理了清代嶺南園林風格中西融合的基本脈絡、表現形式、地理變遷、關鍵時間、內外動因、物質載體、主導群體、總體評價和後續影響等關鍵要素，為清代嶺南園林的後續研究奠定了基礎。
清初海禁時期，由於頻繁的戰亂和海禁政策的施行，嶺南園林中西融合的趨勢非常微弱，當時的嶺南園林還是典型的傳統文人園林風格；開海通商之後，園林的日常生活趣味開始增強；一口通商之後，行商家族壟斷了中西方的貿易，修建了大量的行商園林，已不同于嶺南傳統文人園林，而是呈現出較為明顯的公共性與開放性，具有明顯的中西融合特徵；同時，行商園林的集中連片建設推動了家族園林的產生，這是我們理解清代嶺南造園風格演變邏輯的關鍵；五口通商之後，行商園林逐漸式微，但造園風格卻傳播開來，同時在複雜的中西交流背景下，嶺南園林風格的中西融合仍在不斷深化和拓展。此為清代嶺南園林風格中西融合的基本脈絡。
清代嶺南園林風格中西融合的具體表現包括空間佈局組團化、組團內部規整化、內部水體幾何化、建築單體集中化以及構件形式西方化等五個方面的內容。
嶺南園林風格的中西融合在空間上伴隨著清代海外貿易的地理重心變化而發展，先後經歷了澳門、廣州、香港、再到嶺南各主要城市的轉換；在時間上，行商園林的風格成型期即一口通商時期是嶺南園林風格中西融合的關鍵時期，它形塑了後來嶺南園林的基本特質。
清代嶺南園林風格的中西融合具有內外兩方面的原因，在外部，中西海外貿易發展是清代嶺南園林風格中西融合最重要的外部原因，而複雜多元的地理環境、濕熱多雨的氣候條件、商貿突出的經濟生產、務實享樂的生活觀念、資本主義萌芽與商人階層的興起等則是中西融合的內部原因。
玻璃、鐵藝、面磚等建築材料是清代嶺南園林風格中西融合重要的物質載體；而在人的因素方面，清代嶺南園林風格中西融合的歷史進程中，西方的主導者是商人，中國的主導者是園林主人與畫師。
清代嶺南園林風格的中西融合具有重要意義但仍有不足。首先，受中西文化交融的影響，園林建築的組合變化雖有創新，但由於材料、工藝與技術的局限性，嶺南園林中的建築尚未脫離傳統營造的窠臼，難以向大空間和更高層的方向發展；其次，清代嶺南的園林營造與工匠培養體系並沒有發生根本性的改變，口傳身授仍然是最普遍的技藝傳承方式；此外，由於行商階層的依附性，嶺南園林風格的中西融合未能向更深處發展，但它推動了新型西式別墅的大量興起，並促進了嶺南地區經營性園林的出現。
After entering the Qing Dynasty, Lingnan garden had sprung up and became one of the three major local styles in confrontation with Jiangnan garden and northern garden. The key lies in the collision and integration of Chinese and Western cultures in the Qing Dynasty, but the academic community lacks a systematic demonstration on critical factors of the integration of Chinese and Western styles on Lingnan garden in the Qing Dynasty.
Based on the interdisciplinary comprehensive research method of combining garden history and garden aesthetics, from the perspective of system theory and integrity, this paper put Lingnan gardens in the Qing Dynasty under the vision of cultural exchange between China and the West, and determined four historical stages of its development process, namely, the prohibition period of maritime trade in early Qing Dynasty(1644-1685), the opening period of marine trade(1685-1757), the one-port trade period(1757-1842) and the five-ports trade period(1842-1911), then it carefully analyzed the social and historical background and gardening practice in every period, analyzed the artistic style of Lingnan classical gardens and summarized a total of 27 gardening techniques in five aspects: planning and layout, architectural combination, folding mountains and water, plant configuration, and decorative art. On this basis, it systematically answered and combed the basic context, expression form, geographical change, key time, internal and external motivation, material carrier, leading group, overall evaluation and follow-up influence of the integration of Chinese and Western styles on Lingnan garden in the Qing Dynasty, and these will lay the foundation for the follow-up study of Lingnan gardens in the Qing Dynasty.
In the prohibition period of maritime trade in early Qing Dynasty, due to the frequent wars and the implementation of the sea ban policy, the trend of the integration of Chinese and Western style in Lingnan gardens was very weak. At that time, Lingnan gardens were still typical traditional literati gardens; After the opening of the marine trade, the daily life interest of the garden began to increase; in the one-port trade period, the merchant family monopolized the trade between China and the West, and built a large number of merchant gardens, which were different from the traditional literati gardens in Lingnan, but showed more obvious publicity and openness, with obvious integration characteristics of Chinese and Western; at the same time, the concentrated construction of merchant gardens promoted the emergence of family gardens, which was the key to our understanding of the evolution logic of Lingnan garden style in the Qing Dynasty. After the opening of the five ports, the merchant gardens gradually declined, but the garden style spread. At the same time, under the background of complex Chinese and Western exchanges, the integration of Chinese and Western styles on Lingnan garden was still deepening and expanding.
The specific performance of the integration of Chinese and Western styles on Lingnan garden in the Qing Dynasty included five aspects: spatial layout grouping, internal regularization of the group, geometricization of internal pond, centralization of building units, and westernization of component forms.
The integration of Chinese and Western styles of Lingnan gardens developed spatially with the change of the geographical focus of overseas trade in the Qing Dynasty. It has experienced the transformation of Macao, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and then to the major cities of Lingnan; in terms of time, it was believed that the forming period of the style of the merchant garden, that is, the one-port trade period, was the key period for the integration of Chinese and Western styles of Lingnan gardens, which shaped the basic characteristics of the later Lingnan gardens.
There were both internal and external reasons for the integration of Chinese and Western styles of Lingnan gardens in the Qing Dynasty. Externally, the development of overseas trade between China and the West was the most important external reason. The complex and diverse geographical environment, hot and humid rainy climatic conditions, prominent economic production of commerce and trade, pragmatic and hedonic life concepts, the germination of capitalism and the rise of the merchant class were the internal reasons for the integration of Chinese and Western styles.
Building materials such as glass, wrought iron, and facing bricks were important material carriers for the integration of Chinese and Western styles of Lingnan garden in the Qing Dynasty; in terms of human factors, in the historical process of the integration of Chinese and Western styles of Lingnan garden in the Qing Dynasty, the Western leader was businessmen, and the Chinese leaders were garden owners and landscape painter.
The integration of Chinese and Western styles of Lingnan gardens in the Qing Dynasty was of great significance but still insufficient. First of all, under the influence of the integration of Chinese and Western cultures, although the combination of garden buildings was innovative, due to the limitations of materials, technology and technology, the buildings in Lingnan gardens had not yet broken away from the traditional construction, and it was difficult to develop in the direction of large space and higher levels. Secondly, the garden construction and craftsman training system in Lingnan in the Qing Dynasty did not change fundamentally, oral and personal instruction was still the most common way of skill inheritance. Thirdly, due to the dependence of the merchant class, the integration of Chinese and Western styles of Lingnan gardens fail to develop deeper, but it promoted the rise of a large number of new Western villas and the emergence of commercial gardens in Lingnan area. |
