| 摘要: | 明代自吳王時期開始，宦官便是宮中不可或缺的存在，在宮廷禮儀上更是需要宦官才得以正常運作。而宦官權力隨著時間的進行，在明代衍生出了對政策具有決策權職掌，也就是司禮監的批紅權力，因此，本文以宦官權力與宮廷五禮中的嘉禮為切入點，探討兩者之間的關係為何。
在洪武時期，宦官的地位被太祖不斷地壓抑著，直至永樂時期，成祖始給予宦官更多的信任與政治權力，但仍並未有特殊的政治權力。到了宣德、正統時期，由於衍生出了與內閣票擬權相對應的司禮監批紅權，至此，宦官真正有了不同於以往性質的政治權力，這也導致了從正統時期開始，陸續有不同的宦官擅權亂政。這些宦官干涉政治的行為當中，也包括了對皇室禮儀的干預，使得嘉禮的公正性遭到了破壞，而在嘉禮中，以冊立皇后、皇太后的嘉禮儀式受到的影響尤為明顯，於成化年間、萬曆年間以及天啓年間，都有嘉禮儀式中的冊皇后或冊皇太后儀式，在不同程度上受到宦官的干預進而影響嘉禮之公平性。
本文透過宦官以政治權力影響嘉禮的事件，理解宦官權力與嘉禮之間的關係為何。在宦官干預嘉禮的情形下，不只是嘉禮儀式的主角因成為皇族而獲得政治利益，宦官甚至也能因此提升自身的政治權力與地位。因此，宦官權力與嘉禮之間的關係可以被認為是一種相互合作。
Since the time of King Wu in the Ming Dynasty, eunuchs have been indispensable in the palace, and eunuchs are even more necessary for palace etiquette to function. As time went by, the power of eunuchs gave rise to positions with the power to decide policies in the Ming Dynasty, which was the "power of Zhu Pi" of the Directorate of Ceremonial. Therefore, this article takes the power of eunuchs and Jia Li among the Five Rites as the starting point to explore the relationship between the two.
During the Hongwu period, the status of eunuchs was continuously suppressed by Taizu. By the Yongle period, Cheng Zushi gave eunuchs more trust and political power, but they still did not have special political power.In the Xuande and Zhengtong periods, Zhu Pi's power was derived from the Directorate of Ceremonial's power, which was opposite to the ticketing system of The Grand Secretariat. At this point, the eunuchs truly had political power that was different from the previous ones. This also led to the emergence of different eunuchs who exercised power and disrupted government since the Zhengtong period. These eunuchs' interference in politics also included interference with royal etiquette, which undermined the fairness of the Jia li. In the Jia li, the impact on the ceremony of conferring the queen and the empress dowager was particularly obvious. During the Chenghua, Wanli, and Tianqi years, there was a ceremony to appoint a queen or empress dowager in the Jia li ceremony, which was interfered by eunuchs to varying degrees, thus affecting the fairness of the Jia li ceremony.
This paper uses the incident of eunuchs to influence Jia li with political power to understand the relationship between eunuch power and Jia li. When eunuchs intervene in the Jia li ceremony, not only do the protagonists of the Jia li ceremony gain political benefits by becoming members of the royal family, but the eunuchs can even enhance their own political power and status. Therefore, the relationship between eunuch power and Jia li can be considered as a relationship of mutual cooperation. |
