文化大學機構典藏 CCUR:Item 987654321/53254
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    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://irlib.pccu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/53254


    Title: 立法權之功能與界限—兼論國會改革
    The Functions and Limitations of the Legislative_Extend Study on the Reformation of the Parliament
    Authors: 曾文星
    Contributors: 法律學系碩士在職專班
    Keywords: 立法權
    Parliament
    Date: 2024
    Issue Date: 2024-03-14 15:10:42 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 我國立法委員人數,初始依憲法第64條所規定:基於固定人口數而產生。在人口自然增減與遷徙之情形下,總額一直呈現浮動。民國81年12月第一次修憲後,依憲法增修條文第2條規定全面改選出之第二屆立法委員,共計161人。86年7月第四次修憲時,將立委人數由「人口浮動制」改採「總額固定制」。由於要化解未來「省虛級化」與「國大代表改採政黨比例制」後,來自省議員及國大代表之反彈,遂修改憲法增修條文第4條之立委席次計算辦法,使立委人數實際上由第三屆之164人,擴增為第四屆225人。所謂「樹大便有枯枝」,複數選區制之選舉方式,衍生出「選黨不選人」之獨特配票文化,使得「黑金」、「三寶」幾乎成為立法委員之代名詞。是故,「立委減半,國會不亂」成為第五屆立委選舉口號,於93年8月第七次修憲將立委席次由第七屆開始減半成113人,並採「單一選區兩票並立制」。然而,選舉掛帥之急就章立委選制改革,後續引發連串憲政問題,不但造成「票票不等值」與夾殺小黨生存之惡果,連當初「提升立委素質」之訴求達成率亦是存疑。本篇觸及立法權之功能與界限之探討時,政治實務對立法權造成之影響與干涉,亦是不容忽略之前提。畢竟立意再好之立法,若在執行面無法落實,也只是徒勞。
    現行中央政府體制,歷經七次修憲後,制度上偏向由戴高樂擘劃之法國第五共和半總統制。並由獨立內閣與專業內閣兩個指標觀察,經數據比例分析,得出台灣無論在少數政府或一致性政府下,內閣組成性質皆是行政經驗超過黨務經驗,內閣專業性傾向十分明顯,黨務系統主導之內閣組成比例相對較低,因此定性我國憲政體制為「總統化」之半總統制。我國立法實務之紛爭與處理機制,在定性憲政體制為半總統制後,行政權與立法權之地位亦隨之明確。本文將從立法院之立法流程探討,法案從無到有之程序中,歷經程序委員會、八個常設委員會、院會;有些法案於提案後能順利三讀通過,但有些法案卻在程序委員會就遭冷凍無法排入議程,甚或在黨團協商時遭扭曲法案原意。瞭解立法流程,才能探討國會改革之問題所在,將立法權之功能確實發揮。關於立法權之界線,現階段司法院大法官解釋皆著重於「國會調查權」之探討,司法院解釋第729號做成後,立法院各黨團雖有針對調查權與聽證權之立法院職權行使法修法提案,然而目前仍是未盡之功。
    國會改革應該回歸立法權之功能與界限本質討論——建構國會組成之本體在於選民手中之選票。曾經被寄予厚望能從外部監督,做為國會改革助力之罷免與公民投票制度,在修法後歷經三次罷免投票與兩次全國性公民投票,結果顯示實務運作與理想制度存有相當落差,現階段仍須提升公民教育,與進一步探討現行規範不足之處,否則對於國會性能之提升無法為有效助益。因此,國會改革要能實踐,國家就有義務讓選民能夠選賢與能。105年4月8日國會議事電視轉播正式開播,透過開放國會之「公開透明原則」,監督各別立法委員之問政表現,並冀望選民能依其基準,於每次改選時選出適任之立法委員,才是最根本能促進國會改革並提升立法權功能之道。
    The number of Legislators in Taiwan, originally subject to change based on population according to the Constitution Article 64, has been moved to fixed number after the 4th Amendment of Constitution in July, 1997. The 7th Amendment of Constitution further cut the total number from 225 to 113 with a single-district two-votes system. However, the new system not only failed to realized the intention to raise up the quality of candidates, but also squished the survival space for small parties.

    The government structure of Taiwan now, after the 7th Amendment of the Constitution, is similar to the half-president system from the 5th Republic of France. The legislative process is undergone from the Committee of Procedure, to 8 regular Committees, and finally scheduled into plenary sitting for reading. With the understanding of the position of legislation in the government system and the legislation process, we can more precisely locate the problems which the Congress reform is facing.

    On the Congress reform, we should trace back to the function and the limitation of the power of Legislation. The results of recall votes and referendums show that the current system of external supervision from the public is still far from expectation. Thus, the improvement of public education and refinement of the current regulations are still required for a better congress.
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Law & Graduate Institute of Law ] thesis

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