大眾媒體在台灣民主化鞏固過程中的角色與功能研究：三次政黨輪替之分析

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题名:	大眾媒體在台灣民主化鞏固過程中的角色與功能研究：三次政黨輪替之分析 The Role and Function of Mass Media in the Consolidation of Taiwan’s Democratization : An Anylasis of Three Political Party Rotations
作者:	卞金峰
贡献者:	政治學系
关键词:	媒體媒體角色論政黨輪替民主化進程政治化民主
日期:	2023
上传时间:	2023-08-01 12:56:08 (UTC+8)
摘要:	媒體是監督權力機制的第四權，也促成社會對於重大事件公共討論，但在民主社會中到底有那些重要角色，業界尚無定論。台灣在2000年歷經第一次政黨輪替由民進黨執政， 2008年第二次政黨輪替由國民黨接掌政權，到2016年迎來第三次政黨輪替。三次政黨輪替歷程平和，但大眾如何看待媒體，使民主化進程更臻進步，進而真正落實民主原理，建構成熟公民政治文化，是台灣當前嚴正需要面對的課題。台灣在戒嚴時期，政治滲透到新聞專業領域，媒體從業人員接受政治意識統治，是權力結構控制媒體最有效的方法。台灣從戒嚴時媒體強力管制到解嚴後的報禁開放，媒體百家爭鳴，透過媒體文字傳播的力量，民心思變、內外環境差異、伴隨著政黨輪替，彰顯政治民主化的進展，媒體與政治相互影響，更突顯媒體的重要角色功能。在媒體發展中的系絡，台灣民主化過程，媒體有至關重要的影響力，無論媒體是利器或是牽制，對於中產階級、社會改革、民主意識型態的影響，甚至大眾媒體監督功能彰顯或未盡其責，都會影響民眾的參與政治意識增加或減少。從民主化過程來看，日新月異嶄新科技下的民主進程思考與劃分，媒體革新或演進，是否跟得上民主化進程，民主鞏固與時俱進或拉大差距等面向，都是值得探討與研究分析的重點。本研究中，在媒體角色的功能扮演，從經驗性功能分析則發展出四種角色，即有監督、公民審議、資訊傳播及宣傳等四項，據此本研究也透過專家焦點團體討論，釐定出媒體主要有反貪腐、提昇人權保障、避免特權、促進國家發展、多元化、透明化、回應性、真實傳播、中立傳播、迅速傳播、政令宣導、廣告及政策辯護等13項功能。這四種角色及13項功能，在台灣三次政黨輪替中的民主化進程所發揮功能各有不同，其功能的表現及效果，更是與政治發展息息相關。本研究從這些角色功能剖析，以三次政黨輪替22年間發生的相關重大議題事件，大眾媒體報導所扮演的角色及產生的功能，透過綜合評比，經焦點團體、深度訪談及文獻探討，由政治媒體專家效度問卷後的量化差異，加上質化的分析，針對重大事件媒體報導進行爬梳，找出這些媒體在三次民主化的進程中所發揮功能，究竟對於民主化鞏固的進程，是有助益或造成退步，來檢定台灣媒體對政治民主化的影響。本文研究媒體扮演的四種角色，在三次政黨輪替中所呈現的效益增減，進而佐證民主化進程是鞏固或退縮。研究試圖透過媒體的角色功能與政治關係，探究台灣是否有良性互動的媒體角色功能，媒體第四權這個社會公器的運用是否得當，第四權推展是否得宜。本研究將統計資料交叉比對，獲得每項功能及每次政黨輪替平均值數字，整體評比，第二次政黨輪替馬英九政府普遍獲得總分較高的評比，而第一次政黨輪替陳水扁政府則是在反貪腐、避免國家特權、迅速傳播方面獲肯定外，其他表現均不如第二次政黨輪替。問卷資料顯示，第三次政黨輪替蔡英文在所有項目表現幾乎敬陪末座。綜合專家分析評論觀點，依經驗性功能分析研究大眾媒體在台灣民主鞏固進程中的發展發現，總體評分在中間值的第一次政黨輪替，呈現是民主衰敗狀態。第一次政黨輪替，民進黨是少數執政的政黨。國民黨仍然是立法院的多數黨，陳水扁政府成為少數政府。民進黨開始利用行政權企圖掌控媒體。第二次政黨輪替，中華民國總統選舉由國民黨的馬英九當選總統，實現第二次和平的政黨輪替，國民黨還是立法院的多數黨。但馬英九自認為全民總統，國民黨的大眾媒體優勢漸失，而專家效度評比結果，是民主鞏固。第三次政黨輪替，民進黨蔡英文當選總統。民進黨於立法院單獨取得過半席次，民進黨首度完全執政。學者專家研究評量顯示，民進黨完全控制平面大眾媒體，但外界質疑網軍的聲浪不斷，許多新興媒體興起，新聞實難控制，引起各界抨擊媒體是否涉及洗腦或清算的行動，在民主鞏固進展中是屬於民主倒退的現象。台灣在黨禁、報禁開放後，整體社會走向民主開放的氛圍，緊接著1993年有線電視合法後，專業新聞台紛紛成立，在24小時的新聞輪播風潮帶動下，加上SNG轉播技術陳熟，以及各家媒體爭取收視率、新聞點閱率的情況下，各式各樣的新聞事件從政治、社會、國際等新聞，幾乎無法能再出現早期媒體封鎖時期，可能有蓋新聞的事件發生。本研究中焦點團體與深度訪談當中可以發現，台灣經歷過三次政黨輪替，隨著時代演進媒體逐漸改革開放，並不因為個別政黨上台執政，就影響媒體的功能與自由度，經歷過多次政黨輪替也不會讓媒體影響力走回頭路。網路詐騙、電話詐騙與高科技詐騙因運而生，人們可能在數位生活中面臨各種詐騙訊息與資訊，傳統媒體此時扮演更具重要的角色，協助政府與公部門傳遞正確資訊，透過本研究可以發現，媒體的角色已經越趨重要，甚至是民眾分辨真假訊息的重要管道之一。民主的社會都必須確保可靠新聞和訊息系統的存在。這需要將新聞業危機當作一個主要的社會問題，也因此是個公共政策問題。媒體系統轉變為民主力量，需要制定強有力的政策方案來規範或打破訊息壟斷，創造商業新聞媒體的公共替代方案，並賦予媒體工作者、消費者和社區參與和創設屬於自己的媒體的權力。新媒體的興起正是打破既有媒體結構性的問題，透過公民參與及實際的操作，公民可投入自身相關重要的公共議題。本研究發現媒體演進與民主化鞏固非成正比，且政黨輪替對媒體影響漸式微，但媒體角色在資訊爆炸下益顯重要。伴隨著三次政黨輪替，突顯民主化政治進展，媒體與政治相互影響，媒體如何扮演好自身角色，對於台灣民主進化影響甚鉅。 The media is the fourth power to supervise the power mechanism and also facilitates public discussion of major events in society. However, there is no consensus in the industry on the important roles they play in a democratic society. Taiwan underwent its first political party rotation in 2000, with the Democratic Progressive Party taking over power. In 2008, the Kuomintang took over power for the second political party rotation, and in 2016, it ushered in its third political party rotation. The process of three party rotations has been peaceful, but how the public views the media, makes the democratization process more progress, and truly implements democratic principles and constructs a mature civic political culture is a serious issue that Taiwan needs to face at present. During the martial law period in Taiwan, politics penetrated into the field of journalism, and media professionals accepted political consciousness as the most effective way to control the media through power structure. From the strong control of the media during the martial law period to the opening up of the press ban after the lifting of the martial law in Taiwan, a hundred schools of thought have been competing in the media. Through the power of media communication, changes in people's minds, differences in the internal and external environment, and accompanied by party rotation, the progress of democratic politicization has been demonstrated. The mutual influence between the media and politics highlights the important role and function of the media. In the process of democratization in Taiwan, the media plays a crucial role in the development of the media. Whether it is a tool or a constraint, its impact on the middle class, social reform, democratic consciousness, and even the manifestation or failure of the supervision function of the mass media will affect the increase or decrease of people's political participation awareness. From the perspective of the democratization process, the thinking and division of democratic processes under the rapidly changing new technology, media innovation or evolution, whether they can keep up with the democratization process, democratic consolidation keeping pace with the times or widening the gap, are all key aspects worth exploring and researching and analyzing. In this study, from the empirical functional analysis, the role of the media has developed into four roles, namely, supervision, citizen deliberation, information dissemination and publicity. Based on this, this study also determined that the media mainly includes anti-corruption, improving human rights protection, avoiding privileges, promoting national development, diversification, transparency, responsiveness, true communication, neutral communication, rapid communication, policy advocacy 13 functions including advertising and policy defense. These four roles and 13 functions have different functions in the democratization process of Taiwan's three party rotations, and their performance and effectiveness are closely related to political development. This study analyzes the roles and functions of these roles, taking into account the major issues and events that occurred during the 22 years of three political party rotations, the roles and functions played by mass media reporting, and through comprehensive evaluation, focus groups, in-depth interviews, and literature exploration, and the quantitative differences obtained from the effectiveness questionnaire of political media experts, combined with qualitative analysis, to comb through the media coverage of major events, Identify the functions played by these media in the three democratization processes, whether they are helpful or causing setbacks in the consolidation of democratization, to test the impact of Taiwanese media on political democratization. This article studies the four roles played by the media, and the increase or decrease in benefits presented during the three party rotations, thereby proving that the democratization process is either consolidation or retreat. The study attempts to explore whether Taiwan has a benign interactive media role function, whether the use of the fourth power of the media as a social tool is appropriate, and whether the promotion of the fourth power is appropriate through the role function and political relationship of the media. This study will cross compare statistical data to obtain the average values of each function and each party rotation. Overall, the Ma Ying jeou government generally received higher overall scores in the second party rotation, while the first party rotation of the Chen Shui bian government was recognized in anti-corruption, avoiding national privileges, and rapid dissemination. Other performance was not as good as the second party rotation. According to the survey data, the third party rotation of Tsai Ing wen performed almost respectfully in all projects. Based on expert analysis and comments, the empirical functional analysis of the development of mass media in the process of Taiwan's democratic consolidation found that the first party rotation with an overall score in the middle presented a state of democratic decline. The Democratic Progressive Party was one of the few ruling parties in the first political party rotation. The Kuomintang remains the majority party in the Legislative Yuan, with the Chen Shui bian government becoming the minority government. The Democratic Progressive Party began to use its administrative power in an attempt to control the media. The second political party rotation, in which Ma Ying jeou of the Kuomintang was elected as president in the presidential election of the Republic of China, achieved the second peaceful political party rotation. The Kuomintang was also the majority party in the Legislative Yuan. But Ma Ying jeou believed that the mass media advantage of the Kuomintang was gradually losing, and the expert validity evaluation result was the consolidation of democracy. The third party rotation saw the Democratic Progressive Party, Tsai Ing wen, elected as president. The Democratic Progressive Party has won more than half of the seats in the Legislative Yuan alone, and for the first time, the Democratic Progressive Party has taken full power. According to research and evaluation by scholars and experts, the Democratic Progressive Party fully controls print mass media, but the voices of the internet army continue to be questioned by the outside world. Many emerging media have emerged, making news difficult to control. This has led to criticism from various sectors of the media for whether they are involved in brainwashing or liquidation actions, which is a phenomenon of democratic regression in the progress of democratic consolidation. After the opening up of party and newspaper bans in Taiwan, the overall society moved towards a democratic and open atmosphere. Following the legalization of cable television in 1993, professional news stations were established one after another. Driven by the 24-hour news rotation trend, coupled with the mature SNG broadcasting technology, and various media striving for ratings and viewership, various news events, including political, social, and international news, emerged, It is almost impossible to see the early media lockdown period again, and there may be events that cover news. From the focus groups and in-depth interviews in this study, it can be found that Taiwan has experienced three political party rotations. With the gradual reform and opening up of the media, it does not affect the function and freedom of the media just because individual political parties come to power. Having experienced multiple political party rotations will not lead to a reversal of media influence. Online fraud, phone fraud, and high-tech fraud have emerged as a result of the situation, and people may face various fraudulent information in their digital lives. Traditional media plays a more important role in assisting the government and public sectors in transmitting correct information. Through this study, it can be found that the role of the media has become increasingly important, and even one of the important channels for the public to distinguish true and false information. Democratic societies must ensure the existence of reliable news and information systems. This requires considering the news industry crisis as a major social issue and therefore a public policy issue. The transformation of media systems into democratic forces requires the development of strong policy solutions to regulate or break information monopolies, create public alternatives for commercial news media, and empower media workers, consumers, and communities to participate and create their own media. The rise of new media is precisely to break through the structural issues of existing media, and through citizen participation and practical operations, citizens can invest in their own important public issues. This study finds that the evolution of media is not in direct proportion to the consolidation of democratization, and the influence of political party rotation on media is gradually declining, but the role of media is increasingly important under the information explosion. Accompanied by three party rotations, highlighting the progress of democratic politics, the mutual influence between media and politics, and how the media plays its own role have a significant impact on the evolution of democracy in Taiwan.
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