| 摘要: | 本研究透過「客家電視台」個案研究方式，探討其組織定位因法源而造成的發展與影響，期待透過研究，看見族群電視台的困境與目前發展樣貌，並建構出組織型態未來可發展的方向；目前客家電視台被定位成族群電視台，因背負族群頻道的使命與傳承文化語言的任務，加上預算全來自於政府單位，故其製作易受到政府單位的監督與影響；再者，因其標案的性質，無法擁有自有資產與營收，此存在方式對客家電視台的經營造成了很大的危機；2007年開始，客家電視台以標案的形式存在於公廣集團的公視基金會管理之下，2019年因客家傳播基金會(簡稱客傳會)的成立，產生了客家電視台是否該脫離公共媒體加入到客傳會的爭議，本論文希望透過探討客家電視台、公廣集團、客傳會三方的關係，為客家電視台的主體性與組織法源定位，延伸出討論空間。
本研究運用質化研究、次級資料分析法、參與觀察法、SWOT分析法、行政法分析，做為衡量客家電視台組織定位與評估發展方向的方法，希望找出客家電視台有哪些發展面向；訪談對象為高階管理者、部門級主管、客傳會管理者；研究面向分為(1)收集個案文獻資料，運用紮根理論、行政管理法、SWOT分析法進行資料分析。(2)透過深度訪談法，訪談歷年經營者與現階段部門級主管，以瞭解個案目前的經營狀況與困境。(3)透過客傳會管理者的訪談，尋求出客家電視台法源定位發展的可能範圍。(4)將訪談到的資料，做為組織型態定位可行性分析的主要訴求，梳理出客家電視台未來可能的組織型態與法源定位。
研究發現，客家電視台是全民共享的客家人文媒體與公共服務媒體，最重要的核心定位是族群媒體與公共媒體，然目前客家電視台的經營型態比較接近於國營媒體，在公視基金會的管理中，雖以公共媒體的經營模式自居，但因其屬標案性質，所以在媒體第四權與政府標案監督上，還是常受到外界的質疑。維持獨立性與自主性是分辨國營媒體與公共媒體的標準，對族群性的公共媒體來說，有主體能獨立自主的經營、具有穩定的營運預算、預算能專款專用且具發展性、有法源保護是一種理想的狀態，從這些訴求來看，目前比較可行的方案為：以公設財團法人的方式成立「客家電視文化事業基金會」於公廣集團之下，但必須建立公眾監督的制度讓媒體第四權受到保障，還要設專法保護或建立以族群公共媒體法為基礎的制度，將政治介入媒體的爭議降到最低，另可考慮在公廣集團下，成立各族群的公共媒體基金，讓各族群頻道能夠以專款專用的方式使用。在短期預算考量下，維持由公視基金會製播的方式傳輸營運，之後需由客家電視台藉由對外募款，代製節目或販售版權的方式，自籌營運的部分款項，讓「客家電視文化事業基金會」能夠長久經營且具有擴張與發展的機會。
Through the case study of “Hakka TV”, this paper discusses the development and influence of its organizational positioning problem caused by the related law, expecting to find the current plights and developments of ethnic TV stations, and trying to construct the possible organization types. At present, Hakka TV is positioned as an ethnic media with the mission of transmitting Hakka culture and language. Due to the foundation under the government tender project, the produced content is supervised and influenced by the government bodies easily. What’s more, the assets still belong to the government and Hakka TV can't have its own revenue which results an operational crisis. Hakka TV currently is under the organization of Public Television Service Foundation (shortened as PTS) in Taiwan Broadcasting System (shortened as TBS) which has taken this government project since 2007. With the founding of Hakka Public Communication Foundation (shortened as HPCF) in 2019, there has been a controversy over whether the Hakka TV should join HPCF while separating from TBS. The purpose of the thesis is to explore the relationship among Hakka TV, TBS and HPCF, so as to extend the discussion space for Hakka TV’s entity nature, the organizational orientation and the legal position.
This study uses qualitative research, secondary data analysis, participant observation, SWOT analysis, and administrative law analysis as the methods to measure the organizational orientation and to assess the development direction of Hakka TV, trying to find out its possibilities of future development. The interviewees include the high-level managers and the department-level supervisors of Hakka TV, as well as the managers of HPCF. Through the below aspects of research, the study tries to sort out the possible future organization types and the legal position of Hakka TV：(1) Analysis of the collected document with grounded theory, study of administrative law and SWOT analysis. (2) In-depth interviews with the former and current Hakka TV’s supervisors to understand the current situation and difficulties. (3) Interviews with the managers of HPCF to seek Hakka TV’s possible legal position. (4) Analysis of the interviewing data to find out the feasibility of Hakka TV’s organization type.
The study finds that Hakka TV is the cultural and public service media shared by all, with the most important core orientation of being an ethnic and public media. However, the present business model of Hakka TV is close to that of the state-run media. Although regarding itself as a public media in the management of PTS, it is still doubted about the media’s Fourth Estate under the government tender project. Maintaining the independence and autonomy is the criterion to distinguish the state-run media from the public media. For an ethnic public media, it is an ideal state to be an entity which has the independent management and stable operation budgets for specific and developmental purposes, as well as related protection laws. With the above requirements, the more feasible option at present is to free Hakka TV from a government tender project and found “Hakka Public Television Service Foundation” as a Government-Owned/Organized Non-Governmental Organization (shortened as GONGO) under TBS. And a public supervision system must be established to guarantee the media's Fourth Estate. Moreover, there should be a related special protection law or a system based on the ethnic public media law to minimize the political involvement in the media disputes. Also, a public media fund for all ethnic groups could be set up under TBS which could be used by each ethnic channel through the related internal mechanism. Under the consideration of short-term budget, Hakka TV could maintain the current model of leasing the equipment from PTS but it could raise money for its own operation by external fund-raising, producing content for other organization or selling its copyrights. In this way, it provides “Hakka Public Television Service Foundation” with the opportunities of long-term operation and expansive developments. |
