| 摘要: | Because greenhouse gases are closely related to climate change and the sustainable environment, this issue has drawn widespread attention from all over the world. To this end, the aim of this paper adopted the new bootstrap ARDL bound test (McNown, Sam, and Goh, 2016) and Granger causality test (Granger, 1969) is to examine the variables between G7-USA, Canada, UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan- and the BRICS-Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China, and South Africa- through the long-run and short-run relationships. Empirical results from bootstrap ARDL bound test indicate that these three variables are not cointegrated. Only two countries show a long-run relationship with France for CO2, and the USA for GDP. The results show that Degenerated case #1 are found for the Russian Federation and France (ENG) and Japan (both ENG and GDP), and Degenerated case #2 are found for South Africa and Japan (CO2). Some causality patterns are identified in the short-run for these countries. Thus, the empirical results do not support: one size fits all. The finding, therefore, has been provided with crucial policy implications for the authority of the G7 and the BRICS countries to further refer to. |
