荀子的人觀—以社群倫理為核心的探究

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题名:	荀子的人觀—以社群倫理為核心的探究 Study of Xun Zi’s View on Mankind—Focusing on the Community Ethics
作者:	葉冰心
贡献者:	哲學系
关键词:	荀子人性心禮社群倫理
日期:	2020
上传时间:	2020-01-21 13:04:22 (UTC+8)
摘要:	居儒家之殿之荀子為韓愈執其性惡之說評之為「大醇而小疵」，後世即以孟子性善說為儒家嫡傳，而視荀子為儒家歧出，由之其以禮制為旨之論遂而沒淹。實則，荀子乃無違孔子仁心之說而別於孟子之承「義以為質」之就仁心所為內聖根源性之論究，其乃依「禮以行之」而為仁心外王實踐性之拓展。而孟子立基於道德擴充所為之心、性之釋，即無能跨越主客間之鴻溝，而此立基於主體而發者誠非為心性之唯一解釋；於此，荀子亦執此概念為核心論題，然就實然層面而予以客觀分析，以之為創造性之詮釋；而此分析與詮釋即涵攝客觀事物而補孟子僅由主體言心性所面臨內聖不足之憾。本文即以非善非惡之實然情性、起偽化性之知慮擇心、明分群居之外王禮制、維齊非齊之人道正義等之進程析論荀子之說，以還原荀子之實義，並與孔孟為之比較，於義理上所為儒學之創造性之發展。而於當代所重民主、科學者，由荀子外王禮制之論即得與之連結而為儒學實踐之方向，並由群體角度及社會和諧，重新定位人之所是及價值取向，而予人為之更多元化之開拓。 Chinese historian Hanyu criticized Confucian philosopher Xunzi of unorthodox heresy for advocating a pessimistic view of human nature. As such, later generations regarded Xunzi as one who had diverged from Confucianism, and little notice was given to Xunzi’s core philosophy centered on etiquette. However, Xunzi did not, in fact, violate Confucius’s views on benevolence and justice–rather, his interpretation of kindness differed from Mencius. Mencius explained Confucius’s “righteousness as virtue” in a fundamental sense, whereas Xunzi focused on “acting with the rules of propriety” as a way to turn kindness into practice as kingliness without. Mencius’s explanation of the mind through moral consciousness was unable to solve the problem of subjectivity and objectivity. On the other hand, Xunzi performed a more practical analysis of the mind, connecting it with the objectively observable. In this way, it would be possible to compensate for underdeveloped sageliness within and discipline. This article analyzes Xunzi’s philosophy; that human nature is not inherently good or evil, and that understanding, contemplation, and conscious choice but guide humanity towards virtue. Through a perfect system encouraging people to interact harmoniously to the best of their abilities, all would receive their righteous rewards. Examining Xunzi’s philosophy through four processes and clarifying his true intent allows us to better understand Xunzi, transforming our view on Mencius’s doctrine as well. Within our contemporary mainstream valuing of democracy and science, Xunzi’s school of etiquette can be seen as a guiding beacon for Confucianism, repositioning it for more diverse development.
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