「人民外交」的特質與侷限： 以文革前期中共與日本左派的交流為中心

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Title:	「人民外交」的特質與侷限：以文革前期中共與日本左派的交流為中心 The Features and Limitations of “People’s Diplomacy”:Centering on the Exchanges between The Communist Party of China and The Leftists in Japan during the Early Phase of the Cultural Revolution
Authors:	吳偉立
Contributors:	史學系
Keywords:	人民外交文化大革命日本左派日本共產黨日本社會黨
Date:	2019
Issue Date:	2019-12-30 10:46:56 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	中國與日本隔海相望、比鄰而居。又在亞洲及世界具有舉足輕重的地位，兩國關係的研究日益重要及具有現實意義。故總結雙方交往的經驗教訓與啟示，可提供促進中日兩國發展與交流的借鑒。中共建政後至中日邦交正常化前，中日雙方的關係以「人民外交」特殊方式維繫。在此期間，「人民外交」的執行與內容，會隨著國際政治及雙方內政的影響，產生改變與調整。但在文革前，整個大方向仍是在累積與漸進之下的「民間先行、以民促官」，展現人民外交「特定對象性」、「多層性」、「可變性」等特質，但亦體現受限於國際局勢與非政府間的侷限。到了文革前期，由於中共採行革命造反的外交方式，使「人民外交」的特質除上之外，亦明確突顯「對抗代理性」、「利益交換性」，使「人民外交」的侷限更行窄化。故中日間在整體上因「非政府」的關係，使其僅具民間或半官方間維繫交往，或敲邊鼓的功能，並無法依據此關係達到雙方邦交正常化的目標。文革前期更因滲入過多的意識形態與對抗情緒，使「人民外交」進退失據而脫離現實面。準此以觀，中日邦交正常化前，「人民外交」因「非政府性」及政治掛帥意識形態等因素的干擾，而有所限制，使其功能與執行產生侷限性，而決定雙方關係交流的最大因素，仍是以美國為主的國際情勢及雙方內政的變化。本研究即從歷史的廢墟中，將文革前期中共與日本左派間的關係互動拾起，反映當時中日「人民外交」的特質與侷限，並連結鑲嵌至整體「人民外交」的脈絡，以成為相關研究成果發現。亦填補這段因政治和個人情感因素，而漠視與失落的斷裂歷史空間，使這特殊時期的特殊關係面貌趨於清晰與完整。 China and Japan are neighbouring countries, situated across the East China Sea, with both countries also maintaining significant statuses in Asia and around the world. The research on Sino-Nippon relations thus becomes ever so important and bears practical significance. Therefore, summarizing the lessons and revelations from the experiences of Sino-Nippon relations can be used as reference in promoting Sino- Nippon development and interactions. China and Japan maintained their relationships by the very special format of “People’s Diplomacy” between the period of the independence of Republic of China and the normalization of Sino-Nippon relations. During this period, the international situation and the political decisions in both countries affected the implementation and the contents of “People’s Diplomacy”. Before the Cultural Revolution, the situation of “People’s Diplomacy” was about the accumulation and the progression of “People-leading, Government-passive”; “Specific Objectivity”, “Multilayeredness” and “Changeability” were its characteristics. However, the “People’s Diplomacy” was also limited by international and non-government conditions. In the early phase of the Cultural Revolution, “People’s Diplomacy” was affected by CCP’s rebellion diplomatic approach. Aside of the characteristics mentioned above, it showcased the substances of “Interest-exchange” and “proxy-antagonism”. It further narrowed the limitations. Due to lack of government support, Sino-Nippon relation was generally between public, semi-official or otherwise minor factors. Therefore, the target of relationship-normalization was unachievable. At the same time, the infiltration of ideologies and confrontational sentiments dismantled the pillars of “People’s Diplomacy” and made it distant from the reality. Due to the above mentioned factors, “People’s Diplomacy” was disrupted and restricted by “non-governmentality” and the “politic-priority” ideology before the normalization of Sino-Nippon relations. Surprisingly, the international situation led by the America and the internal alterations in both Japan and China are the crucial factors that change the course of the Sino-Nippon relations. This paper reflects the features and limitations of “People’s Diplomacy” through the interaction and the relationship between China Communist Party and Japanese left-wing politicians during the early phase of the Cultural Revolution, and put it in the context of the main course of “People’s Diplomacy”, forming the related conclusions and innovations. It also tries to fill up the historical emptiness which was caused by the political situation and personal emotion, and bring out a clear and complete historical picture of this particular period.
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