| 摘要: | 民主國家的國會選舉制度對於國會政黨體系通常具有直接的形塑作用，並進而影響政府型態，例如在英國，單一選區相對多數制形成了兩黨制，並使英國通常呈現一黨內閣的政府型態；在許多歐陸國家，比例代表制形成了多黨制，並使這些國家通常呈現聯合內閣的政府型態。而且，國會選舉制度除了會影響政黨體系與政府型態，也會影響選民的投票行為，例如在比例性較高的選舉制度(例如比例代表制)下，選民通常更有投票意願而提高整體的投票率；又例如單一選區兩票制可能造成選民的分裂投票。就此看來，國會選舉制度的制度效應包括國會政黨體系、政府型態，以及選民的投票行為等層面。不過，國會政黨體系、政府型態與選民的投票行為不僅受國會選舉制度影響，也受憲政體制影響。例如，日本、南韓與我國的國會選舉制度皆為並立式單一選區兩票制，但由於三國的憲政體制不同(日本為內閣制、南韓為總統制，我國為半總統制)，致使三個國家的國會政黨體系、政府型態與選民的投票行為各有差異。在不同的憲政體制下，由於總統直選制度的有無、總統權力大小的不同，以及總統與國會選舉時程的差異，可能會對國會選舉制度的制度效應造成影響。本研究關注的核心議題是：世界上民主國家基於憲政體制的差異，國會選舉制度對於國會政黨體系、政府型態與選民投票行為等不同層面的制度效應，是否因此有所不同？本研究擬以全世界所有民主國家為探討對象，將全世界民主國家分為採行多數決制、比例代表制與混合制等三種不同國會選制的國家，分別觀察這些採行相同國會選制的國家，在不同的憲政體制下，國會選制的制度效應有何差異。希望透過本研究，能夠對於憲政體制與選舉制度的配套問題提供更進一步的理論線索。
The parliamentary electoral system usually has a direct effect on the formation of the parliament's party system, consequently affecting the government type. For example, in the United Kingdom, plurality with single-member-district system contributes to two-party system, therefore resulting in one-party cabinet. In many European countries, proportional representation system contributes to multi-party system, therefore resulting in coalition cabinet. Furthermore, the parliamentary electoral system not only has effects on the party system and government type, but also influences voting behavior. For example, under the electoral system of higher proportionality, such as proportional representation system, voters usually are more willing to vote, resulting in a higher percentage of voter turnouts, while split-ticket voting is possible to be seen under mixed system. In sum, the parliamentary electoral system has effects on the parliament's party system, government type and voting behavior.However, the party system, government type and voting behavior are affected not only by the parliamentary electoral system, but also by the constitutional system. Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, for instance, all adopt the same parliamentary electoral system, which is mixed-member majoritarian system, but due to their different constitutional systems (parliamentarism for Japan, presidentialism for South Korea, and semi-presidentialism for Taiwan), their party systems, government types and voting behaviors are not identical to one another. Under different constitutional systems, the parliamentary electoral system's effect will differ according to whether there exists the direct presidential election, how many powers are given to the president, and the different election timing of the presidential and parliamentary elections. The core issue this study focuses on is whether the parliamentary electoral system's effect on the parliament's party system, government type and voting behavior will be different under different constitutional systems among the democracies over the world. This study divides all the democracies around the world into three different groups based on their parliamentary electoral systems, which are plurality and majority system group, proportional representation system group, and mixed system group, and then observe how the parliamentary electoral system's effect in the countries of the same parliamentary electoral system will differ under the different constitutional systems. This study hopes to develop more theoretical clues for the integrated study of the constitutional and electoral systems. |
