| 摘要: | 台灣光復初期，百分之五十的農業人口，百分之七十左右為佃農，由於日本50餘年的統治與歷史封建傳統影響，私有耕地租佃制度極不合理。因此1949年起，政府推行農地改革，包括「耕地三七五減租」、「公地放領」及「耕者有其田」三大政策。以上照顧佃農的優惠措施，雖然減輕了佃農在農業經營上的成本及壓力，但是將農地配置給農民，形塑以自耕小農為主要態樣的農地產權配置。1960年代，台灣由一級產業進入二級產業，該時期由於工商業對土地的需求增加，使農地的價格上漲，農民無法購地或租地耕作，因此無法擴大農業經營規模。另外我國關於民法繼承的規定，採全體繼承當然繼承主義之正式制度的規範，加上多子均分繼承習慣、傳統有土斯有財的觀念，也是造成土地細碎的原因。
隨著台灣整體社會、政策、經濟、產業型態的變遷，造成農地面臨耕作面積規模小，農地細碎的情形。世界平均耕地所有權面積為3.7公頃，而在亞洲國家的部分日本與韓國在2002年時，耕地所有權面積分別為1.57公頃和1.46公頃。然而台灣每一農戶平均耕地所有權面積僅0.72公頃，台灣農地規模相對於世界和亞洲其他國家比較皆較為細碎。我國由於農地細碎化的問題，在土地使用和農業生產層面產生了許多負面的影響，土地細碎為我國農地資源永續發展之重要課題。
在我國相關政府部門缺乏對於土地細碎的觀念，以及前人研究中對於土地細碎有不同的定義之下，本研究期望可以透過案例驗證，釐清土地細碎的定義、檢驗不同細碎度指數的優缺點以及對於土地細碎的解釋能力、了解土地細碎和農業經營的關係。
本研究以文獻歸納分析法、半結構性訪談、地理資訊系統分析、數學統計分析方法作為研究方法。經由研究結果可以發現，前人研究中對於土地細碎的理解僅有所有權的概念，而在本研究中則提出了使用權的概念，本研究彙整出不同型態的土地細碎作為研究論點，包括法規型細碎(Legal fragmentation)和空間型細碎(Spatial fragmentation)。在土地細碎度指數的部份，不能僅依靠單一指數，因為個別的細碎度指數僅能解釋部分的土地細碎情形。須將不同的細碎度指數交叉比較，並且除了以整體研究範圍為衡量單位之外，也應該以個別所有權人為單位進行比較，並且將其空間化，才能增加土地細碎度指數對於土地細碎情形的解釋性。最後本研究發現土地的產權型態與實際使用情形往往具有很大的差距，要解決土地產權細碎的情形往往比整合土地的使用權來的困難，況且就算透過農地重劃等方式解決土地的所有權細碎，在使用權的部分卻不一定呈現集中的狀態，因此本研究認為若要實質解決土地細碎的問題，擴大農業經營規模需要從使用權的部分著手。
In the early days of the restoration of Taiwan, 50 percent of the agricultural population and 70 percent of the population were tenant. Therefore, since 1949, the government has carried out farm land reform, including the three major policies "The 37.5% Arable Rent Reduction Act", "public land release" and " Land-to-the-Tiller Act". The above preferential measures to take care of tenant have reduced the cost and pressure on the agricultural operation of tenant, but the allocation of farm land to farmers has shaped the property right with smallholder farmers as the main form. In the 1960s, Taiwan entered the secondary industry from the primary industry. During this period, due to the increasing demand for land by industry and commerce, the price of farm land increased, and farmers could not buy or lease land for farming, so they could not expand the scale of agricultural operation. In addition, Taiwan’s provisions on the inheritance of civil law, the adoption of all inheritance of course, the formal system of inheritance norms, plus the habit of multiple children equally divided inheritance, the traditional concept of land is the resource of wealth, is also the cause of land fragmentation.
With the change of Taiwan's overall society, policy, economy and industrial type, the farm land is facing the situation of small scale and land fragmentation. The average ownership area in the world is 3.7 hectares, compared with 1.57 hectares in Japan and 1.46 hectares in South Korea in 2002.However, the average ownership area of each agriculture and cattle household in Taiwan is only 0.72 hectares, which is smaller than the world average and the other country in Asia. Due to the problem of land fragmentation in Taiwan, there are many negative effects on land use and agricultural production. Land fragmentation is an important subject for the sustainable development of farm land resources in Taiwan.
Relevant government departments in our country lacks for land fragmentation concept, as well as in the previous studies on land and fragmentation have different definitions, expect this study can be through the case validation, to clarify the definition of land fragmentation, testing the advantages and disadvantages of different fragmentation index for land and fragmentation explanation ability, understanding land fragmentation and the relationship between agricultural management.
In this study, literature review analysis, semi-structured interview, geographic information system analysis, and mathematical statistical analysis were used as research methods. Through the research results, it can be found that in previous studies, only the concept of ownership is understood for land fragmentation, while the concept of right of use is proposed in this study. Different types of land fragmentation are collected as research arguments in this study, including Legal fragmentation and Spatial fragmentation. For the part of the land fragmentation index, it is not possible to rely on a single index, because individual indexes can only explain part of the land fragmentation. In order to increase the explanatory power of the land fragmentation index to the land fragmentation situation, it is necessary to cross-compare different land fragmentation indexes, and in addition to taking the overall research scope as the measurement unit, it is also necessary to take individual ownership as the unit for comparison, and to spatialize it. Finally this study found that land use type of property and the actual situations tend to have very big difference, to solve the situation of land property rights fragmentation is much more difficult than integrating land use rights , and even through the Land Consolidation way to solve land property rights fragmentation, in part of the right to use not necessarily present centralized state, therefore this study thinks that if you want to solve the problem of land fragmentation in real terms, expand the scale of agricultural management need to consider about land use right . |
