澳門博彩從業人員賭博態度、家庭支持與賭博失調之關係研究

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题名:	澳門博彩從業人員賭博態度、家庭支持與賭博失調之關係研究 The Relationship among Gambling Attitude, Family Support and Gambling Disorder with Macao Gambling Practitioners
作者:	繆嘉麗 (Ka-Lai Mio)
贡献者:	社會科學院澳門境外碩士在職專班
关键词:	賭博態度家庭支持賭博失調 gambling attitude gambling disorder family support
日期:	2019
上传时间:	2019-06-12 12:52:49 (UTC+8)
摘要:	中文摘要澳門博彩業歷史悠久，跨越3個世紀，被冠以「東方蒙地卡羅」及「亞洲拉斯維加斯」之美譽，是澳門現時最重要的經濟支柱。澳門特區政府自2002年開放博彩業，將專營牌照一分為三，後再以副牌形式批給六個來自美國、香港以及周邊財團經營博彩業。賭場數目由原來的11間迅速上升至2016年38間，從事博彩行業有6萬多人，荷官人數約2.5萬人，另外其他工種員工約4萬人。賭場顧名思義是一個參與不同賭博遊戲的場所，參賭的人大多數為了盈利、娛樂、逃避現實、尋求刺激等沉迷賭博。因此，澳門特區政府在拓展賭業時，亦著手在社區以至周邊地區推廣負責任博彩的宣傳和教育工作。回顧澳門特區政府早於2005年由社會工作局設立「志毅軒」，為受賭博問題困擾之人士及其家人提供輔導服務，並透過社區預防工作，減低賭博失調對個人及家庭的影響。當時社會工作局委託澳門大學博彩硏究所，就有關澳門居民參與博彩活動情況及病態賭博流行率進行問卷調查，針對病態賭博行為的情況及預治方案提供策略和方案。隨著多年以來的社會調查和研究，特區政府對賭博迷思、賭博風險等高危行為，開始有較具體的定義，由過往常用的「問題賭博」及「病態賭博」，近年引伸為「賭博失調」。三個名詞如何劃分？根據美國精神醫學會出版的「精神疾病診斷與統計手冊」第四版（DSM-4）。在2013年該手冊推出了最新第五版本（DSM-5），當中不再劃分問題賭博及病態賭博，而是將有問題的賭博行為量度分為賭博失調（Gambling Disorder）的不同程度，即賭博失調輕度、中度及重度。因此，近年澳門戒賭輔導服務的機構，都以最新的評估工具去評估求助者的賭博失調程度。根據賭博失調人士中央登記系統2017 年度報告書指出，近兩成求助人士從事與博彩業相關工作。其中，求助個案中報稱任職「荷官」的人數最多。可見社會需要加強保護這些高危人士，通過法律和各項措施，協助博彩從業人員不受賭博迷思影響，能在自我控制的範圍內，以負責任的態度參與賭博行為。因應澳門以博彩為龍頭產業，社會大眾對於禁止賭博以及限制賭博的措施存在分歧，因此，博彩監察協調局實施『自我隔離』（俗稱禁足令）的適用範疇成為社會的討論焦點。本研究旨在探討博彩從業人員的賭博認知、家庭支持與賭博失調的關係，檢視澳門現行的賭博政策，以及各項執行中的賭博輔導及治療措施，對賭場工作的博彩從業人員是否發揮預防的作用，並為日後持續完善和優化澳門防治賭博政策提供建議。 Abstract Macao’s gaming industry, currently the most important economic pillar, has a long-standing history of three centuries, crowning the city the reputation of “Monte Carlo of the Orient” and “Las Vegas of Asia”. The Macao SAR Government liberalized its gaming industry in 2002 and divided the concession from one into three, and later granted the licence to six consortia from the US, Hong Kong and neighbouring regions in the form of subdivided concession. The number of casinos soared from 11 at the beginning to 38 in 2016. There are more than 60,000 practitioners in the gaming industry, among whom, about 25,000 are dealers while 40,000 are of other work positions. As the name suggests, casino is a place where people participate in different kinds of betting games. The gamblers are addicted to gambling mostly in pursuance of profit, entertainment, excitement and avoidance of reality. For this reason, the Macao SAR Government puts effort into the promotion and education of responsible gambling in the community and neighbouring regions amid the development of gaming industry. In retrospect, the Macao SAR Government established “The Resilience Centre” under the Social Welfare Bureau back in 2005, aiming at providing counselling service for people and families suffering from gambling issues. The Centre also introduces preventive measures in the community to reduce the influence of gambling disorder on individuals and families. At that time, the Social Welfare Bureau commissioned the Institute for the Study of Commercial Gaming of the University of Macau to conduct a questionnaire survey on Macao residents’ participation in gambling activities and the prevalence rate of pathological gambling, in an effort to devise strategies and plans specifically for the prevention and treatment of pathological gambling. With the accumulation of researches and studies conducted by society in the past years, the SAR Government starts to provide a more specific definition on high-risk behaviours such as gambling myth and gambling risk. The terms have developed from “problem gambling” and “pathological gambling” commonly used in the past into “gambling disorder” in recent years. How should these three terms be distinguished? According to the 4th Edition of “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” （DSM-IV） published by the American Psychiatric Association （the latest version namely the 5th edition （DSM-V） was published in 2013）, the distinction between problem gambling and pathological gambling does not exist any more. As replacement, the problematic gambling behaviours are measured by levels of gambling disorder, namely mild, moderate and severe gambling disorder. In view of this, local institutions in Macao offering gambling treatment services also adopt this latest assessment tool to assess clients’ severity level of gambling disorder in recent years. According to the Annual Report of 2017 of the Central Registry System of Individuals with Gambling Disorder, nearly 20% of help seekers work in the gaming industry, and among the cases, “dealers” account for the highest number. This shows that there is a need to strengthen the protection for this group of people who are under high risks. The society should, through laws and various measures, prevent gaming practitioners from being affected by gambling myths and encourage them to participate in gambling activities within the range of self control and in a responsible manner. Since gaming is the leading industry in Macao, the general public has diverged opinions on the measures of gambling ban and restrictive gambling. As a result, the scope of application of “self-exclusion” （commonly known as “restriction on movement order”） implemented by the Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau has become a focal discussion in society. The present study aims at exploring the relationship between gaming practitioners’ gambling cognition, family support and gambling disorder, reviewing whether the existing gambling policies and various measures on gambling counselling and treatment are able to exert preventive influence on casino workers, as well as providing suggestions for the continuous improvement and optimization of future gambling prevention and treatment policies of Macao.
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