| 摘要: | 目的：本研究在探討鐵餅支撐投擲與跳躍投擲之運動生物力學表現。方法：本研究以兩台高速攝影機來拍攝我國優秀男子鐵餅運動選手，分別選取其最佳一次投擲進行分析，共分析8位支撐投擲與8位跳躍投擲；再來，將兩部影像以Kwon 3D 動作分析軟體進行三度空間之運動學分析，最後再進一步計算各項運動學資料。結果：(一)、基礎投擲運動學：支撐投擲之第二次單腳支撐階段時間、第二次單腳支撐階段時間相對於總時間之百分比、第一次單腳著地階段之右側擺動腿速度、第一次單腳著地階段之左側擺動腿速度、投擲階段之右側擺動腿速度與投擲階段之左側擺動腿速度與跳躍投擲達顯著差異 (p .05)；(三)、下肢運動學：支撐投擲之左腳著地瞬間之左側髖關節角度、左腳著地瞬間之右側膝關節角度、左腳著地瞬間之右側踝關節角度、出手瞬間之左側踝關節角度，以及投擲階段之右側踝關節角度之最小值與投擲階段之右側踝關節角度最大值、角度變化均與跳躍投擲達顯著差異 (p .05)，但經由體重進行標準化後，則發現到支撐投擲與跳躍投擲在Y軸之相對衝量達顯著差異；(五)、運動學與投擲距離相關：支撐投擲之第一次單腳著地階段-左側擺動腿速度、左腳離地瞬間-右側髖關節角度、左腳著地瞬間-右側髖關節角度與投擲距離達顯著負相關，而出手瞬間-右側膝關節角度、投擲階段之右側膝關節角度最小值、投擲階段之右側膝關節角度變化、投擲階段之鐵餅之總作功、投擲階段之鐵餅功率與投擲距離達顯著正相關；此外，跳躍投擲之雙腳支撐階段時間、總時間、右腳著地瞬間之肩髖分離角度與投擲距離達顯著負相關，但跳躍投擲之出手速度、最大預擺之投擲臂分離角度、右腳著地瞬間之投擲臂分離角度與投擲距離達顯著正相關。結論：以支撐投擲為技術者，應提升投擲階段之右側膝關節伸展、總作功與功率，並降低第一次單腳階段之左側擺動腿速度與增加右側髖關節伸展幅度，以此來獲得最佳的投擲距離；以跳躍投擲為技術者，應減少雙腳支撐階段時間與總時間花費，以及減少飛程階段之肩-髖後轉幅度，並增加投擲臂在最大預擺瞬間與右腳著地瞬間之後擺特徵，最後增加出手速度獲得最佳投擲距離。
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to explore the standing- and jumping-discus throwing in biomechanics. Method: 8 standing- and 8 jumping-discus elite male throwers were subjects. Their movements with the best throwing performance were captured by two high-speed cameras (120 Hz). Three-dimensional kinematics of movements were analyzed using a Kwon 3D motion analysis system. Results: (1) Basic throwing kinematics: the time of the second single-foot support phase and its percentage relative to the total throwing time, the swing speed of the right and left leg during the first-single foot support phase and throwing phase were significantly different between standing- and jumping discus throwing (p .05); (3) Lower-limb kinematics: the left hip angle, right knee angle and ankle angle at instant of the left foot landing, the left ankle angle at the instant of release, and the minimum angle in the right ankle angle; On the other hand, the minimum, maximum, and the variety angle in the right ankle angle during the throwing phase were significantly different between standing- and jumping discus throwing (p < .05); (4) The linear mechanical energy of the discus: the horizontal work, vertical work, total work, power, relative-work and relative-power were significantly different between standing- and jumping discus throwing (p < .05); (5) The correlation between the kinematics and throwing distance: the swing speed of the left leg during the first-single foot support phase, the right hip angle at the instant of the left foot take-off and landing of the standing-discus throwing negatively correlated with the throwing distance But the right knee angle at the instant of release, the minimum and change of the right knee angle, total work and power during the throwing phase positively correlated with the throwing distance. Furthermore, the time of the double support phase, total time, the shoulder-hip separation angel at the instant of the right foot landing of the jumping-discus throwing negatively correlated with the throwing distance. But the release velocity, and the throwing arm separation angle at the instant of the maximum preparatory rotation, and the throwing arm separation angle at the instant of the right foot landing positively correlated with the throwing distance. Conclusion: Throwers who use the standing-discus throwing technique need to increase the extension of the right knee and hip angle, total work done and power, and to decrease the swing speed of the left leg during the first-single support phase to improve the throwing distance. Throwers who use the jumping-discus throwing technique need to decrease the time of the double-support phase and backward rotation of the shoulder-hip during the flight phase, and further to increase the backward swing of the throwing arm at instant of the maximum preparatory rotation and right landing, and further to increase the release velocity to improve the throwing distance. |
