| 摘要: | 台灣在快速的都市發展下，海岸地區受高度威脅，過去利用價值較低的海岸地區土地，成了工業、住宅、遊憩、能源、運輸及廢棄物處理等各型土地利用的競爭焦點，使海岸受高度威脅。但海岸濕地為台灣重要的水鳥與陸鳥棲息地，且鳥類群聚比其他生物容易計數且能反映環境狀況，是環境變遷常用的指標生物。由於規劃程序中台灣海岸範圍內的都市計畫、非都市土地使用分區與編定，仍未能有效的考量鳥類棲地特性，而難以加入友善生態環境的規劃。本研究主要目的有三：一、依台灣海岸發展分類 ，提出土地利用組成與鳥類多樣性的相關因子。二、確定土地利用因素與鳥類群聚的關係。三、提出對於景觀規劃與設計管理政策之參考。因此，為探討土地利用與景觀組成與鳥類群聚之關係，本研究採用中華鳥會2014-2016年「台灣新年數鳥嘉年華」之調查資料，選取42個海岸範圍內之樣區進行研究。以景觀生態學理論與鳥類棲地特性為核心，利用2015年國土利用調查資料依鳥類棲地進行重新分類。最後，藉由相關性分析、線性迴歸分析、T檢定分析針對各水鳥、陸鳥、保育鳥類物種數，與各類景觀組成進行多次的模式建構與圖資的反覆修正，找出可能影響鳥類群聚關係的景觀組成因子。
結果顯示，鳥類群聚物種多樣性可能受到不同海岸景觀組成類型、面積大小、人為使用干擾出現有無影響。在統計分析上與鳥類習性相容的土地利用類型方面，樣區內廣義濕地類型(自然濕地、人為濕地)面積百分比與水鳥群聚多樣性是有顯著正相關，而與陸鳥群聚多樣性為負相關；反之廣義綠地類型(農地、綠地/林地)面積百分比與陸鳥群聚多樣性為正相關，而與水鳥群聚多樣性有負相關。人為使用干擾類型方面，樣區內臨避設施(電廠、垃圾場)、快速產業發展(工業使用、港口)面積百分比與保育種留鳥中的水鳥種數有顯著負相關，而這些類型出現的有無對於保育種留鳥中的水鳥種數是有顯著關係。海岸樣區保育政策方面，樣區內重要野鳥棲息地(IBA)、濕地保育法劃設(國際級重要濕地、國家級重要濕地)面積百分比與候水鳥群聚有顯著性相關，而與留鳥中陸鳥群聚為負相關。海岸樣區內海岸線(天然/人工)長度百分比中，天然海岸線長度百分比與水鳥群聚為負相關，人工海岸線長度百分比與水鳥群聚為正相關，與留鳥中陸鳥群聚為負相關。依此，本研究將對景觀規劃設計提出參考依據，景觀規劃程序中應針對目標性鳥類群聚類型規劃為原則，而不是一體適用的規劃設計與管理，對於土地利用調查資料的判讀、分類應能有效的考量鳥類習性與其偏好的棲地環境特性。
With the rapid expansion in urban growth of cities, the coastal area is highly threatened by imbalance and continuous land development. Over the last decades, the coastal zone has been seen as a competitive focus on land use, such as industrial, residential, recreational zone, and waste disposal place etc. Threats resulting from human activities and pressures producing, that’s a huge burden on natural habitats. However, coastal wetlands play an important role in waterbirds and migrant birds in Taiwan. When it comes to usefulness as an indicator, gregarious-living birds are easier than other species to monitor the health of ecosystems and overall habitat quality, it can also reflect the environmental conditions. According to the land planning process, the compilation of using Taiwan’s coastal zone at urban or non-urban have still not taken effectively birds’ habitat characteristics into consideration. Thus, it’s difficult to join the planning of a friendly ecological environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate related factors in the balance between bird diversity and land development. Another aim was to find out the connection in determining the relationship between land use factors and gregarious-living birds. Finally, we give proposing references for landscape planning and design management policies in the study.The study adopted the survey data of the " New Year Bird Count Taiwan " of the Chinese Wild Bird Federation 2014-2016. , which were selected 42 samples from coastal areas for research. To reclassify bird habitats, we based on the landscape ecology theory and the characteristics from the 2015 national land use survey data. Finally, the model construction and the repeated correction of the maps were carried out several times by correlation analysis, linear regression analysis, and T-test analysis. Through a number of analyses, we try to find out influences on gregarious-living birds and landscape component factors.
The results of the study were that the species diversity of birds may be affected by the different type of coastal, area size and human disturbance. In terms of statistically compatible with bird habits and land development, it was discovered that is a significant positive correlation between the percentage of general wetland types (natural wetlands and man-made wetlands) in the sample area and the diversity of waterfowl populations; the percentage of general wetland types (natural wetlands and man-made wetlands) negatively correlated with the diversity of land flocks.The results revealed the percentage of the area of generalized green land (agricultural land, green land/forest land) is positively correlated with the diversity of land flocks; indicated that the area percentage of green land (agricultural land, green land/forest land) is negatively correlated with the diversity of waterfowl populations. In terms of human interference, there is a significant negative correlation between the percentage of area in the human sample area (power plant, garbage dump), rapid industrial development (industrial use, port) and the number of waterbirds in the conservation species. This results revealed a significant relationship between the number of waterfowl species in the conservation breeding species. In terms of the coastal area conservation policy, the area percentage of important wild bird habitat (IBA), wetland conservation method (international important wetland, national important wetland) is significantly correlated with the waterfowl population. It is negatively correlated with the concentration of land birds in the resident birds. Among the percentages of coastline (natural/artificial) in the coastal sample area, the percentage of natural coastline length is negatively correlated with the concentration of waterbirds. The percentage of artificial coastline length is positively correlated with the concentration of waterbirds and negatively correlated with the concentration of land birds in the resident birds. Based on this, this study will provide a reference for landscape planning and design. The landscape planning procedure should be based on the principle of target bird clustering type planning, rather than the integrated planning design and management. For the interpretation of land use survey data, the classification should be Can effectively consider the bird's habits and their preferred habitat environment characteristics. |
