| 摘要: | 2005年聯合國的「千年生態系統評估」（Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, MEA）提倡生態系統評估後，表示各種土地使用具有的供應(provisioning) 、文化(cultural)、調節(regulating)與支持(supporting)服務等功能，而「生態系統服務」（ecosystem services）功能開始受到廣泛的關注。生態系統提供一系列對人類福祉、健康、生計和生存至關的重要服務，而「估計生態系統」不是了解生態服務價值的唯一方法（Luisetti等人，2013），基於基地尺度以國家、鄉鎮、城市多元定義生態系統服務之項目作為評估，主要目的為提高人類對於自然資本認知的重要性，其中多數探討生態系統價值轉換之代價成本儘管目前有大量研究探討土地覆蓋組成與結構對生態系統服務的影響，但能從基地尺度（site scale）考慮景觀結構組成，從使用者感知的觀點進行生態系服務評估的研究仍相當缺乏。然而，開發強度較高的都市地區，在都市土地有限難以開闢新公園的狀況，如何在既有都市公園中強化其生態系服務功能，為公園規劃設計者的重要課題。都市公園的四種生態系統服務中，以美學、教育、娛樂與地方認同等文化服務為主要機能。都市公園內的這些文化服務功能與公園中的景觀結構間存在什麼樣的關聯性？仍未被清楚探討。
本研究以台北市青年公園為案例，由基地尺度評估公園使用者對文化服務功能為基礎，探討該公園內景觀結構與各類文化服務功能之關聯性。其中，公園內景觀結構之評估，主要透過地理資訊系統（Geographical Information System, GIS）進行植栽與設施普查，並進入資料庫建立檔案，評估青年公園內47個機能分區之景觀結構與特性。此外，亦透過2017年夏秋冬三季與2018年春季公園活動行為之調查與紀錄，配合文化服務功能問卷設計，調查公園使用者於公園從事的行為活動與位置及各活動相關對生態系統文化功能感受程度。本研究採用次序迴歸（ordinal regression）分析各類景觀結構特性（自變數），與使用者文化服務感知（五種感知依變數）間之關聯性，以深入探討不同自變數強度下文化功能感受的差異。研究結果顯示使用者之生態系統文化功能感受對於景觀元素仍屬無感居多，就靈感感知、知識感知與美感感知最為明顯，身心放鬆與地方好感認同層面就景觀元素之植栽變項而言均具有顯著影響。而公園景觀元素設施變項中社教設施與大型植栽解說牌對使用者文化功能知識感知具顯著影響。現今公園中具喬木味道樹種、開花喬木與誘鳥誘蝶樹種棵數、喬木之花色種類與喬木所創造的枝下活動空間均能使使用者感受到身心放鬆與地方好感認同，建議都市公園景觀設計及規劃單位可於植栽選種上做適當的選擇與配置。
After the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) advocated by the United Nations in 2005, researchers paid attention to the ecosystem services (ES) of land-use such as provisioning, cultural, regulating and supporting functions are noticed. Ecosystems provide a range of services which are important to human well-being, health, livelihoods, and survival. At present, however, most of research focused on ES assessments from large scales and ignored close user’s relationship with local environment. Our understanding of the effects of landscape structure on ecosystem services remains at a very early stage, despite a large body of literature on the effects of the composition and configuration of natural land cover on some ES. Some research advocated pluralism value based on a broad range of approaches at multiple scales to explore the "cost price" of ecosystem services. However, ES analyses focusing on users’ perception and landscape structure from site scale are still absent. Moreover, urban areas with high development intensity and human activities are not easy to build new urban parks. Therefore, how to strengthen ES function for existing urban parks is an important issue for park planners and designers. Additionally, different types of parks and green spaces have different ecosystem services, the four cultural ecosystem services in urban parks are the main functions of services such as aesthetics, education, entertainment and local identity.
There is no clear answer for the relationship between cultural ecosystem services and the landscape structure in the park at present. Therefore, we try to explore the relevance of the park's landscape structure and perceptions of various cultural services based on the case study of Youth Park in Taipei City. First, we have a plant survey to build the plant database, including flowering, flower color, leaf color, and tree height data etc., to assess the characteristics of landscape structure by Geographical Information System. Second, investigate the park users’ activities and do questionnaire about the cultural ecosystem perceptions in the three seasons of 2017. Third use ordinal regression to analyze the relationship between various types of landscape structural and cultural services perceptions, and provide suggestions for improvement of the future park design. |
