| 摘要: | 同性婚姻近期在我國一直具有爭議，於2015年美國不允許州政府拒絕承認同性婚姻，開啟我國關注同性婚姻之議題，不過美國當時最高聯邦法院避而不談同性婚姻是否合法，直至2016年美國判決正式通過同性婚姻應合法化，各州不得拒絕同性婚姻，此點可能成為影響我國同性婚姻合法化之契機，使得同性戀及婦女團體產生了更強烈之希望，人民與媒體更關注同性婚姻之消息，我國同性婚姻於立法院長期處於徘徊不定，此種情況下，司法院大法官在2017年以解釋憲法之方式正式承認同性婚姻合法化，雖然同性婚姻在我國已經受到承認，但卻未制定或修改相關之法律，此就成為了需要探討之處，民法除了婚姻章節之修改，還有收養、人工生殖、代理孕母、法律用語等問題，因此促使本文的動機，亦是本文研究之內容。
本文在第一章敘述研究的問題意識、研究動機與目的，提出本文之重點，以及研究方法及範圍，作為撰寫本文之相關內容闡述，第二章敘述同性婚姻之相關問題，首先先定義同性婚姻與目的，再探討同性婚姻的歷史及影響，第三章在論述美國同性婚姻、收養、人工生殖以及代理孕母之法院判決以及列舉之相關法規，由於我國並目前沒有對同性婚姻制定或修改法規，因此美國之法律運作可以為我國所參考，第四章則在撰寫我國的現狀與問題，有關我國同性婚姻之爭議，還有大法官解釋後所造成的後續影響，其中包含收養、人工生殖、代理孕母及法律用語，第五章總結美國與我國，以美國法律為參考，找出我國適合之制定方向，並提出本文之看法。
結論大致得分為五點論述，第一點是同性婚姻在民法之制定方式，本文認為可以將婚姻分為兩種定義形式，兩者權利相當，但由於性質不同，應以增訂之方式另訂章節，才可以符合個別的需求與保障，第二點是收養，在討論子女最佳利益時，不應該以同性戀是否符合子女最佳利益為命題，而是讓法院個別判決家庭是否符合子女最佳利益為妥，再來收養之資格需要修改放寬，才能使同性家庭能夠收養，第二收養亦是需要規定的，第三點是人工生殖，現行法並不同意同性家庭能夠收養，倘若修改是首先需要解決的，再來是相關民法與人工生殖法得參考美國之立法，得更為詳盡些，第四點代理孕母在我國是被禁止的，因此要先處理爭議問題，倘若選擇允許代理孕母，本文認為有償形式並由政府管制之法律為妥，第五點法律用語方面，本文認為在立法修正草案中之修改，修改民法之用詞是妥當的。
Lately, same-sex marriage has been controversial in Taiwan. In 2015, same-sex marriage was forbidden in the United States, and this drew the attention on the topic among the Taiwanese society. During the time, the Supreme Court of the United States did not confront whether same-sex marriage was legal. It was not until in 2016 that it held same-sex marriage legal and every state is therefore bound with the decision. The outcome led to the comparable prospect in Taiwan. As a result, not only homosexual and feminist associations aspire even firmly to attain their goal, but the people and media in Taiwan also take more interest in following up the issue.
Same-sex marriage has always been in predicament in the Legislative Yuan (the Parlement of Taiwan). Under such circumstances, the Justices of Judicial Yuan (the judicial review institution of Taiwan), through their interpretation on the Taiwanese Constitutional Law, pronounced legality for same-sex marriage in 2017. Despite the fact that same-sex marriage has since been acknowledged in Taiwan, none of the law has been put into place nor regulations revised. This is therefore a field which requires more study. Apart from revising the marriage law in our Civil Code, adoption, assisted reproduction, surrogacy, applied legal terms and other questions are all the factors that motivated this article. These are also the elements which display themselves in the content of this research.
In the first chapter, I put forward the core, method and the scope of this research. As for the problematic awareness, it is also prescribed in this same chapter along with the motivation and the purpose of this research. The second chapter describes the relevant issues on the subject of same-sex marriage. The definition of same-sex marriage and its purpose are followed by its history and impact. The third chapter is about jurisdictional judgments and enumeration of acts concerning same-sex marriage, adoption, assisted reproduction, and surrogacy. Due to the fact that Taiwan has not yet established its regulations on the subject, the framework functioning in the United States may offer some insights to the legislators in Taiwan. The fourth chapter reflects the controversy regarding the current situation in Taiwan and the subsequent effect drawn from the decision of the Judicial Yuan; adoption, assisted reproduction, surrogacy and legal terms are hereby discussed. The fifth chapter concludes, with the american legislation as example, the adapting guidance for Taiwan and eventually, the opinion of this article.
The conclusion is divided into five parts. What we will see in the first point is the emplacement of same-sex marriage in our Civil Code. This article argues that marriage can be distinguished in two types and both share the equivalent rights. But due to the difference of their nature, in order to satisfy and reassure individual need, same-sex marriage should be introduced in a separate chapter. The second point is adoption, which also has to be regulated. When it comes to the best interest for children, the premise is not supposed to be whether homosexuality is beneficial to children; instead, it is more desirable to let the judges decide whether the family in every specific case presents the best interest for children. Furthermore, the regulation on adoption should be loosened so that the homosexual families may adopte children. The third point is that assisted reproduction, which is not permitted under the current legislation, should be altered primarily by the upcoming revision. And then there are pertinent civil regulations and assisted reproduction which can still be developed further with the the example of American legislation in mind. As for the fourth point, it concerns the prohibition for surrogacy in Taiwan under the current legislation. So we need to deal with the controversial aspect first. Once we manage to harmonize the disagreements,this article considers that the most opportune solution for the surrogacy is that it should be carried out by means of contract under control effectuated by the government. On the last point, this article believes that it would be the most suitable if we modify the pertinent legal terms directly through the revision of the Civil Code. |
