台灣職業災害事件發生率居高不下,然而職業災害不僅對於各別勞工,乃至勞工家庭,甚至國家社會,均會造成相當程度之損害,然而在我們仍無法達到職業災害全面防堵之前,我們似乎僅能從事後救濟制度著手,希冀能將職業災害所帶來之損害降至最低。
而針對職業災害,目前我國主要係採取三軌制之救濟模型,分別為民法、勞動基準法、勞工保險條例,並以職業災害勞工保護法為輔。受災勞工在發生職業災害後,原則上即可基於上述法令向雇主或勞工保險局有所請求,然而此些法令卻有著其各自不同之立法目的、請求權成立要件、請求項目等,這些差異往往使職業災害訴訟事件更加複雜,加之勞動基準法第五十九條及第六十條又分別規定有抵充制度,這些無疑都增添了職業災害爭執之錯雜性,相當不利於勞僱雙方進行和解,而此些問題卻不僅僅困擾著雙方當事人,實務上及學說上亦屢見不同爭論,加上勞工保險年金制度之開展,職業災害救濟制度間應如何調和將更加錯綜複雜。
基此,本文首先針對職業災害勞工於職業災害事件中得主張之各項救濟制度進行介紹,並說明基於各項制度勞工得為之請求項目,其次再針對抵充制度加以定義及澄清,同時就各項制度所衍生出之請求間相互抵充關係進行討論,並適時佐以我國實務上之判決、函釋等,同時簡述與我國職業災害救濟制度相似之日本實務上及學說上之見解。此外,本文亦將就抵充制度所可能遇上之困難,包含勞工保險年金化後之抵充問題,或與商業保險間之抵充關係等,提出淺薄之意見,最後針對職業災害救濟制度之調整等進行通盤性之檢討並提出改善建議。
綜上,本文主要係以勞動基準法中之抵充制度為開展核心,探討我國職業災害救濟制度,希冀透過本文之完成,對於未來處理職業災害救濟制度調和關係能有所助益。
The high incidence of occupational accidents in Taiwan has caused considerable damages to the laborers, their families, the society and even the nation. Before we can completely avoid occupational accidents, it seems that we can only proceed with optimizing the compensation system to diminish the damages caused by occupational accidents.
At present, the compensation for occupational accidents mainly adopts a three-track system in Taiwan, which composes of Civil Law, Labor Standards Act and Labor Insurance Act. The relationship among the triad of compensation for occupational accidents is complicated, and the adoption of annuity system for labor insurance makes the problem even more difficult.
In this thesis, we will first introduce the compensation system for occupational accidents, and then we will discuss the controversial issues of compensation for occupational accidents in Taiwan. Finally, we will put forward the ideas and suggestions for improving the current system and the future revision, hoping to reconcile the conflicts associated with the compensation for occupational accidents.