| 摘要: | 貧窮問題在當今的社會中，已經不是單純經濟困頓的現象，在個別的家庭脈絡中也都有著不同的故事腳本，難以一刀切下，分出貧窮與不貧窮的生活樣態。貧窮家戶除了接受現金補助外，更需要透過積極性及預防性的濟貧策略得到實際生活問題的協助或心理上的支持。二代脫貧方案的目的在於協助經濟弱勢家庭第二代子女擺脫貧窮的限制及貧窮文化所帶來的影響。
研究者針對晴天社會福利協會於103年所辦理的二代脫貧方案參與者做後續追蹤，並邀請五位方案參與者參與研究，以質性研究方法為主，用深度訪談方法蒐集研究文本並分析資料，以了解方案參與者的參與感受和蛻變。
本研究透由生命事件看到生命歷程所累積的致貧因素，發現在經濟面向上出現問題的原因來自於二個共同特點：一是女性單親的狀況嚴重，一是依賴人口過多的問題。參與者表示在尚未進入方案前對於參與方案的期待是以相對提撥的資產累積最為首要；在結束參與方案後回顧收穫時表示：自己的蛻變超乎預期。研究者以認知、態度、行為三方面總結如下：
一、認知方面：過去他們少了自我探索的經驗，在方案中參與者對自我有更多的認識；在工讀體驗和志願服務皆有感動和收穫，也看見自己能夠付出的幸福，最後對於自己未來的計畫和夢想也有不同的想法。
二、態度方面：參與者表示在方案中擴大了人際網絡，特別是受到社工的照顧很多。在此良善的循環之下，青少年也將這份溫暖用在自己的生活及社會服務，實際上也增加自我正向社會價值。在家庭關係的進步，參與者感覺到跟媽媽的親密度明顯比家中其他手足更具同理心和認同感。
三、行為方面：理財觀念和儲蓄習慣的改變；以及學習動機的改變。學習透過記帳、計畫，把錢存下來，因此有了支配金錢的快樂感；回過頭來就會更了解儲蓄的重要性並開始儲蓄的習慣。參與者因為看到了希望，所以會想要繼續學習，學習動機也就容易提高。回到貧窮問題，參與者了解到要脫離貧窮，就要累積更多自己的無形資產。
研究建議政府應積極協助加強對青少年經濟性與社會性需求之補助，進而提升參與者增加人力資本累積的觀念，一方面加強實際行動，讓貧窮二代的子女能在就學期間內充足好自己的資本，找到自己的定位方向。並且增加社會網絡的聯繫，並整合各類社會福利資訊系統，顧及弱勢族群在資訊取得上的方便性，以增進貧窮家庭成員的社會參與。
自立脫貧實需結合政府的政策與資源，加上民間多元的方案設計，以夥伴的關係一起努力，讓「脫貧方案」的設計與執行有更寬廣的空間施展。一年一約的脫貧方案有礙於發揮方案效益，建議從長計議。此外建議方案設計應該包含後續的長期追蹤服務，一方面可以提供資源的連結，另一方面能夠建立研究資料庫，讓更多的服務使用者設計更多更良好適切的方案，協助弱勢家庭也能有勇氣勇敢去築夢、圓夢。
Poverty in today's society, is not a simply phenomenon of economic hardship in the context of the individual's family also has a different story script, it is difficult across the board, the separation of poor and non-poor. In addition to poor households receiving cash assistance, but also need the support of assistance or psychological problems of real life through active and preventive strategies of the poor. The purpose of the second generation of poverty programs that assist economically disadvantaged children of the second generation of the family to get rid of restrictions and poverty brought about by cultural poverty.
The Sunny Social Welfare Association for the year of 103 Poverty Alleviation Program on the Second Generation participants go through to do follow-up, This research adopted the method of qualitative research methods, invited five of the participants to share their experience of
joining the year 103 on Poverty Alleviation Program on the Second Generation of The Sunny Social Welfare Association.
based, in-depth interviews with the research methods of collecting and analyzing text information to understand the feelings and the participation of program participants transformation....
Through this study, see the event from the life of the life course cumulative impoverishing factors, find the reasons for the economic problems facing from two common characteristics: First female single-parent situation is serious, one dependent on the problem of overpopulation. Participants said the program has not yet entered prior to participation in the program is expected to set aside the relative accumulation of the most prime assets; participation in the program after reviewing the harvest, said: own transformation beyond expectations. Researchers cognitive, attitude and behavior in three areas are summarized as follows:...
First, the cognitive aspects: past them less self-exploration experience, participants in the program have a greater awareness of self; in the work-study experience and volunteer service had moved and harvest, but also be able to pay to see their happiness, and finally for their own future plans and dreams have different ideas.
Second, the attitude aspects: participants said expanding network of people in the program, especially by many to take care of social workers. Under this goodness cycle, teenagers also the warmth use in their own lives and social services, in fact, increase the self positive social value. Advances in family relationships, The participants feel obviously getting closer with their mother and have more empathy and sense of identity than the other siblings of their family.
Three, behavior aspects: changing the learning motivation; financial management concepts and savings habits change: Learning through billing, plan, put money down, so there is money dominate happiness; it will come back to a better understanding of the importance of saving and start saving habits. Because participants see hope, so will want to continue learning, learning motivation will likely improve. Back to the issue of poverty, the participants learned to stay away from poverty, it is necessary to accumulate more their intangible assets.
Studies suggest that the government should actively help to strengthen the economy for young people and social needs of the subsidy, and thus enhance the participants to increase human capital accumulation of ideas, on the one hand to strengthen practical action to make poverty within a generation of children to school during their own sufficient capital, find their own position direction. And increasing social contact networks, and integration of various social welfare information system, taking into account disadvantaged groups on information obtained convenience to enhance social participation of members of poor families.
Out of poverty independently to be combined with the government's poverty reduction policies and resources, coupled with civil diverse design, to work together as partners in the relationship, so that "poverty program" Design and implementation of a more broad space for display. Anti-poverty program about a year hampered play scheme benefits, the proposed long-term perspective. Further proposals should be designed to contain the subsequent long-term tracking service, on the one hand can provide link resources, on the other hand to establish research database, so that more service users to design more appropriate for a better program to assist disadvantaged families can encourage the disadvantaged families to make their dreams come true. |
