| 摘要: | 台灣、韓國與日本在社會福利體制的分類屬於東亞家庭主義類型，家庭經濟的維 持在1980-90 年代以前都屬於男性養家模式，當時由男性戶長的工作所得分配，就約 略可推敲家戶所得分配。然而1980-90 年代以來，三個國家都面臨因為男性戶長的工 作所得差異變大、家庭結構小戶量化等因素，而導致家戶所得不均度上升。另方面， 正由於單靠男性所得愈來愈不足以支持家庭開支，以及同期間女性教育程度提高，因 此已婚婦女投入勞動市場的比率漸增。 有關女性工作所得會使家戶所得不均度上升或減少的議題，過去未曾有研究使用 可比較性較高的跨國資料庫分析三個國家的差異。此議題對台灣、韓國與日本都是重 要的社會政策議題，因為若已婚婦女的工作所得有助於降低家戶所得不均度，則政策 面可鼓勵青年成家，並且鼓勵已婚婦女投入勞動市場，這也可緩和人口老化導致勞動 力縮減的問題。反之若已婚婦女的工作所得使家戶所得不均度上升，則可能是丈夫為 高工作所得的家庭中，其妻子有相當比例投入勞動市場且也是高工作所得，同時丈夫 為低工作所得的家庭中，其妻子可能即使是全職工作卻僅低薪，或因育兒等因素限制 而從事部分工時工作；此時政府有必要加強推行讓經濟弱勢家庭的婦女能更安心投入 勞動市場的家庭政策。 本研究將使用跨國可比較性相當高的盧森堡所得研究資料庫，以及主計總處的家 庭收支調查，搭配所得五分析及吉尼係數分解等統計方法，分析台灣、韓國與日本 1990-2010 年女性工作所得對家庭經濟的貢獻，以及對家戶所得不均度的影響1。
Asian familism, in which men are regarded as the head of the household and are the primary income earners before the 1990s, and the gross household income distribution of these societies was approximated based on their income. However, since the 1990s, increased household income inequality has become prominent in these countries because of considerable differences in men’s earnings and a reduction in family size. Moreover, men’s incomes alone are insufficient to cover the expenses of supporting a family, which, combined with an increase in the education level of women, has increased women’s participation in the labor market. Regarding the effect of women’s incomes on the equality of gross household income, no previous study has used international databases that offer high comparability of women’s incomes to compare the distribution of household incomes in Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan. Women’s incomes have a critical role in the development of social policy in these countries. If the income of married women can help decrease household income inequality, policies encouraging the marriage of the younger generation and married women’s participation in the labor market should be established. Such policies can also mitigate the effect of population aging in reducing the size of the labor force. However, if women’s workforce participation aggravated household income inequality, a possible reason can be that in households where the husbands are high-income earners, a considerable proportion of the wives participate in the labor market and earn high income as well. Another possible cause of aggravated household income inequality is that in households where the husbands earn low incomes, the wives earn low incomes even with a full-time job or participate in part-time jobs because of limitations, such as parenting. Therefore, governments should consider introducing financial incentives for married women in low-income families to participate in the labor market without difficulty. This study used data obtained from the Luxembourg Income Study Database, which offers high comparability of incomes, combined with statistical methods, such as income quintiles and the decomposition of the Gini coefficient, to determine the contribution of married women’s incomes to the financial status of the family, as well as the effect of women’s incomes on the household income inequality in Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan from 1990 to 2010. |
