| 摘要: | 除了華人國家與租稅天堂地區外，日本是中國的最大外資來源國。 然而對於日本 在中國所建立的，大規模但較為封閉的生產網絡，卻不常被學者所討論。我們可以發現， 日本對中國的直接投資，有兩個可以區辨高峰期：在90 年代中期由電子業所領軍的投 資熱潮與2003 年之後，由汽車業所造成的投資熱潮。我們也發現，日本電子業在中國 所建立的跨國生產網絡，其建立模式不同於傳統全球生產網絡理論。傳統的理論認為， 全球生產網絡的成形，跨國大型企業是居於領導的地位，但是日本電子產業在廣東的個 案卻顯示，這個產業在廣東的生根，是由中小企業所領導。 這個研究，預期對於學術界有兩項貢獻。首先，補充學術界對於日本在中國建立生 產網路這項研究的空白。再者，這項研究預期，將會對於傳統全球生產網路理論，產生 新的觀點。這項研究預期將證明，當跨國企業在發展中國家投資生產時，面對當地不健 全的法律、經濟與政治制度所造成的高交易成本，他們會求助於熟悉當地制度的中小企 業。而這些中小企業的「制度優勢」將會使得他們更有籌碼與跨國企業談判，甚至會由 中小企業來領導跨國企業在當地建立生產網絡。 這項研究預期將進行一年，除了收集文獻資料外，也預計前往日本與大陸訪問企 業，進行田野調查。此項研究的成果預計以英文論文的方式，投稿於關注全球生產網絡 的期刊。
Japan has been the largest source country of China’s FDI except for overseas Chinese territories and the tax havens. However, Japan’s large-scale but relatively close production networks were not discussed much in previous research. There have been two high tides of Japanese investment that can be distinguished: led by the electronics industry in the mid-1990s and by the automotive industry since 2003. The cross-border production network building of the electronics industry is quite different from the scenarios of conventional GPN theory, where leading firms dominate the global production network building. In this research, I will propose a bottom-up model to interpret the development of the electronics industry, where the technological and institutional advantages of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) enable them to guide leading firms in the cross-border production networks building in Southern China. This research aims to advance the theory of global production networks. Due to the influence of the dependency theory, GCC and GPN perspectives emphasize the asymmetrical power relations between leading firms from developed countries and their suppliers and subcontractors. They assume that, because leading firms have the advantages of technology, capital, brand names, managerial skills etc., they dominate the global production network. Although Gereffi, Humphrey and Sturgeon (2005) build a theoretical framework of multiple governance patterns in global value chains, there are few empirical studies challenging this “top down” model. In this research, I will propose a bottom-up model of global production networks that differs from the previous approach. I want to show that, unlike what the literature assumes, Japanese investments in Guangdong since the late 1980s were actually led by SMEs located in Hong Kong. These SMEs’ early venture allows them to establish semi-nonprofit intermediate institutes to share knowledge about investing in South China and help other Japanese firms enter China. Unlike what the traditional GCC and GPN theories expect, leading firms were followers of these SMEs when they built their initial production networks in South China. For getting enough information about Japanese SMEs in Southern China, I plan to execute one fieldwork trip in Japan and two fieldwork trips in China. These trips could provide me chances to interview Japanese bureaucrats., managers in small and medium enterprises and leading firms, the founders and managers of the intermediate institutes and their imitators. In the trips, I could also visit leaders of local villages and managers of other foreign affiliates from Taiwan and Hong Kong. Besides, a variety of secondary data will be also used, including government reports, industrial and financial analyses, business and commercial books, journals and newspapers. |
