本文考慮地理距離效果進而延伸衝突貿易模型。主要特點有二方面：第一、檢驗兩國之間的距離如何影響合作及衝突，第二、檢驗兩國之間的距離，透過貿易間接效果，如何影響合作及衝突。結果顯示距離同時減少兩國之間的合作及衝突。然而合作減少超過衝突，因此距離增加兩國之間的淨衝突。除此之外，距離會增加運輸等其他成本，因而減少兩國之間的貿易，導致增加兩國衝突並減少兩國合作，是以當鄰國貿易很少時，將增強鄰國衝突。距離對兩國之間淨衝突的直接影響，相對於因貿易對淨衝突明顯的間接影響，卻是很小的。
This paper extends the conflict-trade model to incorporate geographic distance. It expands prior research on contiguity in two ways. First, unlike other studies, it examines how geographic distance between countries affects cooperation as well as conflict. Second, it incorporates distance's indirect effect on bilateral trade, which in turn affects conflict. The results show that distance reduces both cooperation and conflict between countries. However, cooperation is decreased more than conflict so that net conflict (conflict minus cooperation) rises as geographic distance between I two countries increases. But in addition, distance simultaneously increases transportation and other trading costs, thereby leading to increased conflict and decreased cooperation working through diminished trade. As such contiguity enhances conflict when contiguous nation-states exhibit little trade. Distance's direct impact on net conflict is miniscule compared to its impact through trade.
