| 摘要: | 法西斯主義是當社會失序民心恐慌時，以緬懷民族優越邁向理想國為號召的群眾運動，強調組織、紀律和領袖崇拜，採一黨專政社會統一的獨裁極權暴力統治，統制經濟操控私有制，行強國強兵之侵略政策。
本論文的撰述分四大部分：
第一部分是介紹法西斯主義內涵及其共同特徵，包含意大利、德國、日本等國法西斯的發展特色，以及中國法家的農戰強國、傳統小農文明和歐美思潮的接軌，包括法西斯主義，第一章是其內容。
第二部分即第二章，在俄共西守東進戰略下，中國國民黨如何從廣州時期的聯俄容共，到北伐「大革命」的國共意識形態路線之爭，最後以蔣中正為首的南京國民政府轉採激烈手段清共。其重點是對當時的社會情勢演變，為何趨向法西斯滅共，做敘述分析。
第三部分是分析三民主義意識形態中與法西斯主義相通處，訓政時期國民黨一黨專政的虛實，及蔣中正如何學步法西斯運用組織等，最終將領袖制度定於一尊，確立總裁制，第三章為其內容。
第四部分是就國民黨南京國民政府時期推動的強國政策中和法西斯因素做一參照分析，包括四、五兩章。其中第四章是社會控制和文教精神力量的黨化，如特務控制、司法黨化、媒體控制，及三民主義的文藝教育政策、民族精神教育與新生活運動等。第五章為經濟、軍事力量分析，包括土地、勞資、經貿、金融和徵兵政策等。
南京國民政府的這些組織和政策並不是自創的，一方面是因為救國使命使然，另一方面當時世界被壓迫民族（如意德），及壓迫中國的民族，如日本，皆採類似方式強國。基於此，在「積弱圖存」的現實壓力下，南京政府追求現代化，或有學步意德日等之處，但最終仍不得謂國民黨南京時期是法西斯極權政治。
Fascism which emphasized organization, discipline and leader worship was a mass movement to recall national superiority towards an ideal nation when the society was chaotic and when people were in panic. In addition, it adopted one-party totalitarian dictatorship, controlled economy and private ownership and executed an aggressive policy that made a powerful country and strong army.
The thesis is divided into four sections:
The first section which covers the first chapter introduces the content and mutual characteristics of Fascism and its development features in various countries such as Italy, Germany and Japan. It also describes Legalist School of China which held agriculture and army could make a country powerful, traditional small agricultural civilization and different thought in Europe and America including Fascism.
The second section which is the second chapter describes under the strategies of Russian Communist Party which defended its west and attacked its east, how the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) changed from uniting Russia and accepting communism during Guangzhou National Government Period to having disputes with Communism during Northern Expedition. In the end, Nanjing National Government led by Chiang Kai-Shek resorted to violent measures to purge communism. The chapter also analyzes and depicts the transformation of social situations at that time and how he turned to the dictatorship of Fascism to destroy the Chinese Communist.
The third section which is the third chapter analyzes the similarities of ideology of the Three Principles of the People and Fascism, the virtual and real state of one-party dictatorship of KMT during the Period of Political Tutelage and how Chiang Kai-Shek learned to use organization from Fascism to establish one-person leadership and determine the presidential system.
The fourth section which covers the fourth and fifth chapters compares and analyzes the workfare policy promoted by KMT during the period of Nanjing National Government and Fascism. Among which, the fourth chapter talks about the party education of social control and cultural and educational spirit such as agent control, judicial system based on KMT, media control and cultural, art and educational policies described in the Three Principles of the People, education of national spirit and New Life Movement. The fifth chapter analyzes economic and military power including land, labor and capital, trade, finance and conscription.
These organization and policies of Nanjing government were not created by itself. The government adopted them because it attempted to save the nation, and on the other hand, because oppressed nationalities by the world (such as Italy and Deutsch) and nationality that oppressed China such as Japan adopted similar methods to make their nations powerful. Based on this, Nanjing government pursued modernism or learned from Italy and Deutsch under the realistic pressure of “being weak while trying to survive.”However, KMT during the period of Nanjing National Government still resorted to totalitarian Fascism.
Keywords: Fascism, the Period of Political Tutelage, one-party dictatorship; totalitarianism. |
