| 摘要: | 本研究旨在瞭解新竹縣（市）消防人員救災經驗與死亡態度之現況，並探討影響救災經驗與死亡態度之因素，根據研究結果，期能對消防人員之心理教育，提供相關單位建議與參考。
以新竹縣市29個消防大隊以及分隊之消防人員共317人為研究對象，採用廖芳娟2000年修訂之「死亡態度量表」以及研究者自編之「救災經驗調查問卷」作為研究工具，利用獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、二因子變異數分析、多元逐步迴歸等統計方法，進行資料處理後，得到以下結論。
一、在新竹地區消防人員救災經驗之現況方面
（一）在「出勤救災任務經驗」方面
在出勤任務經驗方面，可以依照參與救災人數比例之高低，將其簡單分為三類：
1.具普遍性的救災任務類型：指的是一半以上消防人員均有參與救災經驗的任務類型。
2.具差異性的救災任務類型：並非大部分消防人員有參與救災經驗的任務類型。
3.具特殊性的救災任務類型：不到一成的消防人員有參與救災經驗的任務類型。
（二）在「接觸傷亡經驗」方面
1.在「接觸救災對象傷亡經驗」方面
在接觸救災對象傷亡經驗中，大部分的消防人員有接觸救災對象受輕度傷害、中度傷害的經驗（87.3％、82.9％），而接觸救災對象受重度傷害或當場死亡消防人員同樣皆為75.0％，有81.1％的消防人員有救災對象到院前死亡（DOA）的經驗，最少消防人員有的接觸救災對象傷亡經驗為到院後死亡的67.1％。
2.在「接觸救災同仁傷亡經驗」方面
在接觸救災同仁傷亡經驗，大部分都有接觸同仁救災受輕度傷害的經驗（85.1％），而有40.8％的消防人員曾遇過同仁因救災而受中度傷害，約有7.9％的消防人員曾經接觸同仁因救災而受重度傷害的經驗，另外有5.3％的消防人員曾經歷救災同仁不幸殉職。
3.在「自己救災受傷經驗」方面
在自己救災受傷經驗中，因救災而受到輕度傷害是絕大部分消防人員的共同經驗（83.3％），而受中度傷害的消防人員有9.2％，有1.3％的消防人員曾因救災而受到中度傷害。
（三）在「救災身心反應」方面
新竹地區消防人員較常見的身體、情緒、認知以及行為方面身心反應分別為，1.身體方面：身體疲憊、心跳或呼吸加速、肌肉酸痛、頭痛、血壓上升等；2.情緒方面：心情低落、焦慮或害怕、震驚等；3.認知方面：注意力無法集中、腦中不自主重現災難景象、判斷力降低、難以下決定等；4.行為方面：隨時處於緊繃，無法休息或放鬆、工作效率降低、睡眠型態改變、對環境安全十分警覺等。
（四）在「救災身心影響」方面
八成左右的消防人員整體身心健康狀況良好，但是目前仍然約有一到二成的消防人員，整體生活受到身心反應的嚴重干擾，極需要專業人士的協助；若以新竹縣市有317位外勤消防人員來換算，則目前約有32至64位消防人員，需要專業的協助以因應救災身心反應所帶來的干擾。
二、不同背景變項消防人員在救災經驗之差異
（一）不同背景變項消防人員在出勤救災任務經驗之差異
不同年齡、服務年資、婚姻狀況、宗教信仰的消防人員在出勤救災任務上有顯著差異存在。
（二）不同背景變項消防人員在接觸傷亡經驗之差異
不同年齡、服務年資、婚姻狀況、宗教信仰的消防人員在接觸傷亡經驗上有顯著差異存在。
（三）不同背景變項消防人員在救災身心反應之差異
不同年齡、服務年資、婚姻狀況的消防人員在救災身心反應上有顯著差異存在；但不同宗教信仰的消防人員在救災身心反應上則沒有顯著差異存在。
（四）不同背景變項消防人員在救災身心影響之差異
在「影響強度」方面：不同年齡、服務年資、婚姻狀況、宗教信仰的消防人員在救災身心反應的影響強度上沒有顯著差異存在。
在「影響持續時間」方面：不同服務年資的消防人員在救災身心反應的影響持續時間上有顯著差異存在，而不同年齡、婚姻狀況、宗教信仰的消防人員在救災身心反應的影響持續時間上則沒有顯著差異存在；
在「影響層面」方面：不同服務年資、婚姻狀況、宗教信仰的消防人員在救災身心反應的影響層面上有顯著差異存在；不同年齡的消防人員在救災身心反應的影響層面上則沒有顯著差異存在。
三、新竹地區消防人員死亡態度之現況與差異
(一) 新竹地區消防人員死亡態度之現況
新竹地區消防人員的死亡態度是以「中性接受」的死亡態度最高；「死亡逃避」次之、「逃離接受」的死亡態度居中、接著是「趨近接受」的死亡態度、最低的為「死亡恐懼」。
（二）不同背景變項消防人員在死亡態度之差異
不同年齡、服務年資、婚姻狀態的消防人員在死亡態度上均沒有顯著差異存在。而有宗教信仰的消防人員在「趨近接受」的死亡態度上顯著高於沒有宗教信仰的消防人員。
四、新竹地區消防人員救災經驗與死亡態度之關係
（一）新竹地區消防人員救災經驗與死亡恐懼之關係
在所有消防人員救災經驗的分數當中，只有「情緒反應的影響層面」的分數可以有效預測其「死亡恐懼」之得分。
（二）新竹地區消防人員救災經驗與死亡逃避之關係
消防人員的救災經驗並不能有效預測其「死亡逃避」的死亡態度。
（三）新竹地區消防人員救災經驗與中性接受之關係
在所有消防人員救災經驗的分數當中，只有「接觸救災對象傷亡經驗」和「情緒反應的持續時間」的分數，可以有效預測其「中性接受」之得分。
（四）新竹地區消防人員救災經驗與趨近接受之關係
在所有消防人員救災經驗的分數當中，只有「認知方面的身心反應」、「行為方面的身心反應」、「行為反應的影響強度」、「情緒方面的身心反應」的分數，可以有效預測其「趨近接受」之得分。
（五）新竹地區消防人員救災經驗與逃離接受之關係
在所有消防人員救災經驗的分數當中，只有「情緒反應的身心反應」的分數可以有效預測其「逃離接受」之得分。
The main purpose for this research aims on understand the present situations of fire fighter's experience providing disaster relief and death attitude in Hsinchu county, and confer the factors which influences their experience providing disaster relief and death attitude. According to the results of study, issues can offer advises and consult to the psychological education in firefighters to relevant units.
Amounts to 317 research objects which are the firefighters of 29 fire brigades in Hsinchu, adopt“ Death Attitude Profile-Revised, DAP-R ” revised by Liao（2000）, Fang-chuan and “ disaster relief experience questionnaire ” that researcher make up by oneself as study tools. These questionnaires are accumulated and analyzed by using statistical tools: independent two samples T-test, ANOVA etc. The summary of the research findings is as following:
First. The present situation of fire fighter's experience providing disaster relief in the area of Hsinchu
1. In “the experience of task providing disaster relief”
In attendance task experience, can accord with the level of participating in the proportion of number of people providing disaster relief, divide it into three kinds briefly
2. In “the experience of exposing the injure and death”
（1） Most firefighters（87.3％、82.9％） have the experience of providing disaster relief target with light injure, It is 75.0% exposed to the target injures or dies on the spot by heavy degree, 81.1% of the fire fighters have target providing disaster relief who die in front of getting to the courtyard ( DOA) experience, 67.1％ exposed to target died after hospitalize.
（2） Most firefighters（87.3％、82.9％） have the experience of providing disaster relief colleague with light injure, 7.9％ exposed to colleague because of providing disaster relief injured in heavy degree, 5.3％ have the experience of colleague unfortunately died for work.
（3） 83.3% of fire fighter injured slightly because of providing disaster relief, 1.3% fire fighter have degrees of injury because of providing disaster relief.
3. In the respect that “the body and mind reaction after providing disaster relief”
Firefighters common body and mind reactions are follow: （1）Body respect: body weariness, heartbeat or breathing and accelerating, the muscle aches, has a headache, the blood pressure rises etc.; （2）Mood: mood is low, anxious and fear, shocking etc.; 3.Cognitive respect: attention is unable centralized, does not reappear disaster scene, judgments reducing, make decision difficultly, etc. independently; 4.Behavior: In tight at any time, unable to have a rest or relax, working efficiency reduce, sleep type attitude change, not very getting alert to environmental security.
4. In the respect that “the body and mind is influenced by providing disaster relief”
About 80% of whole physical and psychological health status of fire fighter is good, that means if 317 fire fighters of work done outside the office in Hsinchu County, nearly there are 32 to 64 fire fighters at present, need specialized assistance.
Second. Fire fighters in the difference of the experience providing disaster relief with the different background
1. There are significant differences exists on 「the experience of task providing disaster relief」 and 「the experience of exposing the injure and death」 in different ages, years in service, marital status, religion.
2. There are no significant differences exists on 「the body and mind reaction after providing disaster relief」and 「the body and mind is influenced by providing disaster relief」in different ages, years in service, marital status, religion.
Third. The present situation and difference of fire fighter's death attitude of area of Hsinchu
1. As a whole, the fire fighters are more likely to have the attitude of Neutral Acceptance toward death.
2. There are no significant differences exists on death attitude in different ages, years in service, marital status；The fire fighter who has the religious belief is higher than the fire fighter without religious belief apparently on the death attitude of “accept the possibility of death”.
Fourth. Relation between fire fighter's experience providing disaster relief and death attitude.
1. Relation between that fire fighter's experience providing disaster relief and fear death in the area of Hsinchu
In the mark of fire fighters “experience providing disaster relief”, only the mark of “the influence aspect of mood reactions” can predict the score of “fear death” effectively.
2. Relation between that fire fighter's experience providing disaster relief and the avoid death in the area of Hsinchu
In the mark of fire fighters “experience providing disaster relief” can not predict the score of “avoid death” effectively.
3. Relation between that fire fighter's experience providing disaster relief and the natural acceptance in the area of Hsinchu
In the mark of fire fighters “experience providing disaster relief”, only the mark of “the experience of exposing the injure and death” and “the duration of mood reactions” can predict the score of “natural acceptance” effectively.
4. Relation between that fire fighter's experience providing disaster relief and the Approach Acceptance in the area of Hsinchu
In the mark of fire fighters “experience providing disaster relief”, only “the body and mind of the cognitive reaction”, “the body and mind of the behavior reaction”, “ the intensity of influence that the behavior reaction”, and “the body and mind of mood reaction” can predict the score of “Approach Acceptance ”effectively.
5. Relation between that fire fighter's experience providing disaster relief and the Escape Acceptance in the area of Hsinchu
In the mark of fire fighters “experience providing disaster relief”, only the mark of “the body and mind of mood reaction” can predict the score of “Escape Acceptance” effectively. |
