| 摘要: | 政府在1995年為保障農民的老年經濟安全，避免老農陷入貧窮，因而開始發放老農津貼。制度實施以來，請領人數從1995年的31萬人持續上升到2008年的最高點71萬人，同時給付金額也歷經數次調整。老農津貼對老人家庭貧窮率與貧窮深度的影響，會隨著津貼的「領取人數與額度」而改變。
本研究使用1995年至2011年的「家庭收支調查」，分析老農津貼對各類老人家庭貧窮率與貧窮深度的減輕效果。主要研究結果為：
1.2011年相對於1996年，領取老農津貼的家戶中，老夫婦兩人家庭(兩位老人)、老年男性單人戶以及老年女性單人戶的比率有明顯上升。在所得組方面，2011年相對於1996年，領取老農津貼的家戶中，五分位所得組最低所得組家戶的占率明顯下降，中高與最高所得組家戶的占率反而上升。
2.2000年以前老年女性單人戶的貧窮率與貧窮深度減輕效果高於老年男性單人戶，但2000年以後兩者的減輕效果相近。另外老農津貼對老夫婦兩人家庭(兩位老人)的貧窮率及貧窮深度減輕效果是所有老人家庭中最強。
3.研究期間的三次老農津貼調整中，以2008年的調整對各類老人家庭的貧窮率與貧窮深度減輕效果最明顯。
政策建議為：
1.老年男性單人戶的貧窮問題逐漸嚴重，尤其2011年此類家戶的貧窮率以及貧窮深度明顯上升，政策面更應該注意老年男性單人戶的經濟安全問題。
2.老夫婦兩人家庭(兩位老人)領取兩份老農津貼的機率較高，因此貧窮率與貧窮深度減輕效果最強，但相對於其他老人家庭只有一個人領取老農津貼，容易造成相對剝奪感。
3.中短期來看，由於將老農津貼併入國民年金制度有難度，給付政策上須落實排富條款的規定。長期而言，仍須將老農津貼納入國民年金制度，才能提升給付公平性。
To secure the economic status of elderly farmers, the Taiwanese government began funding the Old-Age Farmer Welfare Allowance in 1995. Since then, claimants of the allowance have increased from 310,000 in 1995, peaking at 710,000 in 2008. During this time, the allowance amounts were adjusted several times. The influence of the Old-Age Farmer Welfare Allowance on the poverty rate and poverty gap of the elderly in under-privileged families changes with the number of claimants and amount of the allowance.
This study referenced the Report on the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure from 1995 to 2011 to analyze how the Old-Age Farmer Welfare Allowance reduced the poverty rate and poverty gap for elderly people. The primary research results are as follows:
1.Compared to claimants in 1996, claimants receiving the Old-Age Farmer Welfare Allowance in 2011 have statistically demonstrated a significant increase in the rates of households containing an elderly wife and husband, one-person households comprising single elderly men or single elderly women. Compared to claimants in 1996, claimants receiving the Old-Age Farmer Welfare Allowance in 2011 have statistically demonstrated a significant reduction in the rate of families with the lowest incomes and a rise in the rate of families with the upper middle income and the highest incomes in the income quintile.
2.Prior to 2000, the poverty rate and poverty gap of one-person households of elderly women had been lowered with greater efficacy than that for one-person households of elderly men. However, since 2000, the two groups began to be reduced at a similar rate. In addition, the Old-Age Farmer Welfare Allowance had the highest impact on reducing the poverty rate and gap for households containing an elderly wife and husband.
3.Among the three adjustments of the allowances through the program during the research period, the adjustment in 2008 had the highest impact on reducing the poverty rate and poverty gap for all elderly families.
This study provides the following suggestions for policy modifications:
1.The poverty of one-person households of elderly men is an increasing problem. Specifically, in 2011, the poverty rate and poverty gap of this type of household significantly increased. Policies should focus on the economic security of elderly men in one-person households.
2.Households containing both an elderly wife and husband are more likely to obtain two allowances; thus, their poverty rates and gaps are reduced with the highest efficacy. In comparison, in other elderly family types, the allowance is awarded to only one person, who might experience relative deprivation.
3.From a short- and medium-term perspective, the Old-Age Farmer Welfare Allowance might not be incorporated into the National Pension Insurance. Thus, these policies should disregard rich elderly persons. However, from a long-term perspective, fairness can be guaranteed only if the Old-Age Farmer Welfare Allowance is incorporated into the National Pension Insurance. |
