| 摘要: | 隨著現代社會經濟之發展連年開發不斷情形下，台灣可謂步入極度開發島國，但環境問題日益嚴重，接踵而至者，為生態環境逐漸被破壞，環境污染最終損害之是國家之環境資源，環境受到之損害如未及時救治，受損害之程度迅速擴大，導致大自然之反撲，社會付出之成本或許遠超過當初開發之利益，已經威脅到人類之生存和發展。又近年因氣候變化所引發之天災，經常造成龐大之人命與財物之損失，在英國觀察者週刊為此發文警告，認為「各國政府若未能及時採取行動，全球暖化未來10年內將帶來高達6.98兆元，相當於新台幣232兆元之損害」且持續增加 。有鑑於此，人們開始反思環境保護議題之重要性，並開始提倡環境保護運動。然而開發單位或政府以利益考量掛帥而犧牲自然環境之情形仍經常發生，對此人民與公益團體為環境保護之必要，如何強化環境保護公益行政訴訟政策手段以落實民意之要求，值得關注。
惟公益訴訟屬於行政訴訟之一種，是其專門以確保行政之客觀合法性或維護公共利益為目的，並非以國民之個人權利救濟為目的，因此屬於客觀之訴訟，於此意義下，屬於例外之、特殊之訴訟形式，而以法律有規定者為限，始得提起。但公益訴訟之憲法依據為何？又目前立法規定卻與環境行政公益訴訟之要求格格不入，環境行政公益訴訟在當事人資格、受理範圍、訴訟費用和獎勵機制、審查方式、訴訟時效及申訴不停止執行原則等方面對台灣行政訴訟法提出新之挑戰。公益訴訟制度突破傳統訴訟利益之理論，允許與自己權利以及法律上利益無直接關係之人民，就特殊之公法爭議，為維護公益之目的，針對行政機關之違法行為，提起行政訴訟之行為，應再改革現有基礎上建構新之環境行政公益訴訟制度。而在司法實務上不斷探索解釋公益訴訟之適用條件，對環保團體為訴訟主體提起公益訴訟尚存爭議，目前唯一勝訴公益訴訟案件以環保團體作為原告之案件，而法律上到底如何定位環保團體訴訟功能進而如何賦予其當事人資格，亦為值得探討。
污染非僅單純對經濟私權之侵害，亦為對整體社會生活環境構成侵擾。「環境品質」乃指整體社會生活與自然環境價值一一污染破壞，為應受管制之對象，需強化刑事立法以為保護。亦即環境品質依賴刑事法以為適當有效之防衛，乃現代社會以法律保障人之安全、健康及自然生態，在理論與實際上所應採取之途徑，而有以刑法保護環境之必要性與正當。故本文首先對環境權概念、環境權理論發展及基礎，並對環境公益訴訟制度之內涵及特徵予以闡述，分析環境公益訴訟之理論基礎，探討環境公益訴訟制度之必要性和可行性。藉由對國外公益訴訟制度觀察，另就建立環境刑法在盡可能之範圍內尋求平衡點，發揮環境刑法獨立之刑罰制裁功能與預防控制作用，方能有利於保護日益減少之環境資源。
With continuous economic development in recent years, Taiwan is considered as an over developed island. As environmental pollution becomes more serious, it may ultimately jeopardize environmental resources nationwide. If people don’t look into these issues closely and take necessary actions in no time, such kind of damages will expand rapidly, and result in Mother Nature fightback. As a consequence, the social costs exceeded the original benefits and further threatened the survival of humans and development. In the past years, change of climate induced natural disasters and caused loss of human life and properties. British Observer Weekly claimed that “if each country fails to take prompt actions, the costs caused by global warming effect will be up to 6.98 trillion U.S. dollars within 10 years which is equivalent to 232 trillion New Taiwan dollars.” To conclude, people start to consider the importance of environmental protection and fully devote in environmental protection movement. However the development Unit or government always consider benefit over natural environment. How to strengthen environmental protection public administrative litigation to fulfill public requirements, that is a phenomenon of noteworthy.
Public interest litigation is one of the administrative litigations which special to ensure administrative objective legitimacy or preserve public Interest. The public interest litigation certainly is not relieved individual right, therefore belongs to the objective litigation. In this sense, it belongs to an exceptional, specific lawsuit form, so that the action can only be taken under restriction of legal rules. What is Constitutional basic of public interest litigation? Currently legislative provisions are incompatible with the requirements of the Environmental administration Public Interest Litigation. Environmental administration brought new challenge and against Taiwan Administrative Litigation Act. in qualifications of the parties, scope of acceptance, litigation costs, incentive mechanisms, review, limitation, and complaint does not stop the enforce. The Public interest litigation system breakthrough the theory of traditional litigation interest. The Public interest litigation system allows no direct relationship people with their rights and legal interests for assert public interest to dispute and file administrative litigation, and then reform existing base and establish new Environmental Administration Public Interest Litigation System. It is still controversy about Public interest litigation as Environmental Groups are filed, and continuing explored the suitable conditions of Public interest Litigation in Judicial Practice. Currently, alone environmental groups as the plaintiff winning suit in public interest Litigation. How to define the litigation function and qualification of environmental groups, the question is worth discussing again.
Pollution is not just only infringed on economic private right, but also invades whole social life. Environmental quality of whole social life and natural environmental value are polluted and destroyed, so must to strengthen the criminal legislation to protect. In other words, criminal law effective in defense environmental quality, as the law protects people’s safety, health and natural ecosystems. Although, there is litigation system in environmental protection, but that is not enough. Therefore, it is necessary and importance for strengthen the environment criminal law. So first of all, expound the concept of environmental right, environmental right theory development and infrastructure, and the content and features of environmental public interest litigation. And then, analysis environmental public interest litigation system, and discuss the essentiality and feasibility of the public interest litigation. By with observe foreign public interest litigation system, further establish Environmental Criminal and seek for a balance, and achieve independent criminal penalties and prevent to control to protect decrease environmental resource day by day. |
