| 摘要: | 中華民國與大韓民國位於東北亞鄰近地區，19世紀至20世紀以來，同受過日本帝國主義及西方國家之侵略。第二次世界大戰結束後，又因共產主義的影響，導致國土分裂，使最初以自由、民主為建國目標的台灣與韓國也因此而採取反共親美導向的對外政策。因此，基於兩國地理位置相近，歷史背景相似，且都擁有共同的建國目標及思想理念同受儒教思想的影響，使雙方在政治民主化的過程當中，關係更易密切。
由於1949年國共內戰的失敗，使中華民國政府遷至台灣，中國共產黨則在大陸成立中華人民共和國。1970年代美‧蘇冷戰結束，許多民主國家基於國家利益之考量，宣布與共產國家改善其外交關係。因此，1971年10月25日聯合國大會在第26屆會議上通過第2758號決議，承認中華人民共和國為代表中國的唯一合法政府。換句話說，基於國際經濟市場與資源的需求，聯合國會員國決議「中國」來取代了原本「中華民國」在國際社會上的地位，因而導致中華民國被迫退出聯合國。然而，與台灣共同堅持反共立場的韓國亦受到國際情勢的影響及國家利益考量等因素，於1973年6月朴正熙總統乃發表「對有關和平統一外交政策的特別聲明」，決定對於與韓國理念不同的共產國家開放其門戶，1988年盧泰愚總統執政時期，正式宣布以推動「北方政策」為主軸的對外政策。直到1992年，韓國決定接受與中華民國斷交為前提與中國建交，結束了長達45年的中華民國與大韓民國的外交關係。
自從1992年中華民國(以下台灣)與大韓民國(以下韓國)斷交之後，雖然無法進行正式國與國之間的接觸，但是台灣與韓國的非政府間的民間交流乃日益頻繁。在經濟方面，目前雙方在國際經濟市場上相互為重要貿易夥伴；2011年台韓國民相互往來人數達66萬人，顯示出雙方雖無正式的外交關係，然而民間交流呈現持續增加，雙方民間關係往來非常密切。
目前台‧韓關係乃受到周圍國家的影響，仍有不安定與不確定之要素存在。換言之，台‧韓關係變化的主要因素，大部分來自於周圍國家的影響，尤其是中國與北韓等國家之情勢變動，會影響到台‧韓雙方的關係變化。因此，吾人認為欲研究台‧韓關係，吾人認為不能只是觀察雙方的關係而已，應該聚焦於韓半島與中國問題，然後再探討發展台‧韓關係的課題與難題，期能獲得全方位的瞭解。
因此，本論文之研究目的，欲以每一時期找出連接雙方關係最主要的連接線為中心，瞭解從1919年在上海成立韓國臨時政府起，至1948年中華民國與大韓民國正式建立外交關係，以及兩國斷交之後至今的雙方關係變化，展望未來之雙方關係發展的走向。而在本論文的研究過程中提出以下三個問題，深入探討。
第一， 每時期連接雙方關係之連接線為何？雙方經歷何種關係變化？
第二， 韓國為何在台灣與中國之間，犧牲台灣，選擇中國？
第三， 雙方要為發展未來的台‧韓關係，應從哪方面著手？以及應該如何設定雙方關係為妥？
The Republic of China (referred to as Taiwan in the following) and Republic of Korea (referred to as Korea in the following) are two neighboring countries in the Northeast Asia. Both of the two countries were invaded by Japanese imperialism and western countries in the 19th and 20th centuries. After World War Two, Communism led to the division of both countries, and therefore, Taiwan and Korea, which had been established based on freedom and democracy at the beginning, adopted anti-communism and pro-American foreign policies. Because of their geographic location, similar history backgrounds, mutual goals for the country and the shared influence from Confucianism, Taiwan and Korea had closer relationship in the democratization process.
The Taiwanese government retreated to Taiwan after the defeat in the Nationalist-Communist Civil War in 1949 while the Communist Party of China established the People's Republic of China (referred to as China in the following) in mainland China. In the 1970s, the US-Soviet Cold War came to an end and many democratic countries rebuilt their diplomatic relations with China for their own national interests. The United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was passed in 1971, recognizing the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate representative of China. In other words, owing to the needs for international economic market and resources, member states in the United Nation recognized that China took up Taiwan’s status in the inter-national society, which resulted in Taiwan’s withdrawal from the United Nation. At the same time, considering the international situation and national interests, Korea, which had been strongly against Communism as Taiwan had been, also changed its attitude. Park Chung-hee, president of South Korea, announced his open door policy to communist countries in the “Special Statement on Diplomatic Policy for Peaceful Unification” in June, 1973. Further, the Northern Policy was officially set as the major diplomatic policy during Roh Tae Woo government in 1988. The 45-year-long diplo-matic relations between Taiwan and Korea ended in 1992 when Korea decided to es-tablish the diplomatic relations with China on the premise to break those with Taiwan.
There has been nearly no official contact between the two countries after 1992 while non-official communication has been growing. Economically, Taiwan and Korea are respectively one of each other’s top six trading partners. Furthermore, the number of passengers traveling between the two countries reached 660 thousand in 2011, an in-dication of continuously growing non-official communication and closer relationship between the two countries with no official diplomatic relations.
There are nevertheless unstable and uncertain factors in the relations between Taiwan and Korea owing to the influence from surrounding countries. The major factors af-fecting Taiwan-Korea relations are mostly under the influence of surrounding coun-tries, especially China and North Korea. As a result, we considered it necessary to in-clude issues such as the Korean Peninsula problem and how to define Taiwan-Korea relations under the influence of China when analyzing Taiwan-Korea relations rather than simply observe the relations between the two countries.
Hence, the purpose of this study was to understand the changes to the relations be-tween Taiwan and Korea from the establishment of Korean Provisional Government at Shanghai in 1919 to the formal diplomatic relations in 1948 and e after the severance of diplomatic relations until now by identifying the most significant connection linking the relations in each period of time. We also discussed the possibility to devel-op relations in the future. The following three questions were proposed and examined in this study.
First, what’s the linking connection between the two countries in each period of time? What were the changes to in the relations between the two countries?
Second, why did Korea sacrificed Taiwan and chose China?
Third, which aspects can be worked on in order to develop Taiwan-Korea relations in the future? What are the appropriate relations between Taiwan and Korea? |
