| 摘要: | 南韓和北韓為同一民族所構成，一直使用單一語言。但由於分離的關係，超過半個世紀期間進行了政治、社會、文化等領域的各自演變，也逐漸出現南北韓語言的「異質化」現象。當今世界對北韓的關心日益加劇，而對北韓語的研究便是了解北韓最直接，且最重要的先前工作。由於南北韓語言政策和語文規範不一致，而引起的語言差異，讓國際間研究南北韓文化乃至於政治、經濟及民俗等領域的人士帶來諸多不便及不解。
本論文是以研究南北韓語言間的異質化，進而縮短兩韓語言隔閡為目標，以當中最關鍵的「敬語」作為研究對象，並使研究、學習或嘗試了解兩韓文化之人士能因此縮小在語言文化上所造成障礙。此次利用韓國語文「敬語法」和北韓語「語言禮節」做為切入點，並進行深入研究及比較。目前收集北韓語的資料受到很多限制及阻礙。因環境的因素，沒能有在北韓境內實際考察和接觸北韓語的機會，因此在這艱難的研究環境下，利用多方管道所收集而來的北韓現代文學作品，其文中的語法、文字語言替代了這些。
韓國語有別於其他語言的最明顯的特徵可以說是「敬語法」。在韓國尊重或貶低對方的語言體系主要表現爲「敬語法、待遇法、尊待法、尊稱法」等。而北韓以「語言禮節」的名稱表示對對方的尊敬或貶低的語言表現形式。
此論文的第二章，針對韓國的標準語和北韓的文化語進行比較及了解，且對兩國的語言政策和語文規範進行探討。第三章，對韓國語敬語法及北韓語語言禮節在概念和機能上進行深入的剖析。第四章，體詞類敬語: 將兩國的名詞、人稱代名詞、稱呼語進行分類比較。而助詞「-께서」、「-께」一般用於體詞下面，因此將其包含在體詞類一同探討研究。第五章，用語類敬語: 比較了兩國的主體敬語法「-(으)시」和相對敬語法的終結詞尾、並研究當中的客體敬語法和用語敬語語彙。第六章，特殊敬語: 了解韓國恭遜法和北韓語文章論手法。此章節更探討北韓語言禮節中相當重要的「有關最高統治者的語言禮節」部分，且將其分成三類進行研究，第一類：有關文章內對最高統治者的用語；第二類：給最高統治者的用語或文章；第三類：對最高統治者的尊稱修飾詞和讚揚的表現。
此次研究進行深層的比較在韓國社會語言學中占有最重要位置，且在語彙方面也有很大比重的韓國語「敬語法』及北韓語「語言禮節』。韓國語敬語法主要分爲「主體敬語法」、「相對敬語法」、「客體敬語法」；而北韓語語言禮節則為表現在「禮節關係토」，另外，更分類規定了可稱爲北韓語語言禮節精髓的「有關最高統治者的語言禮節」，且此為重要及必須遵守的規範。在北韓，對最高統治者展現了極端尊敬和欽佩的語言禮節，但對敵國則使用憎恨和輕蔑的表現，這體現了極端的二重性。這次的研究突顯了「敬語」不論是韓國乃至於北韓，在語言學中的重要性，更是了解兩韓文化的關鍵。身為韓國語文學研究所一員的我，有使命、也有義務在推廣韓國文化上貢獻心力。
此次研究，感覺惋惜的部分是僅透過現代文學作品的呈現研究北韓語。期盼不久的將來，能有更多更廣的資訊協助相關的研究，最終更希望透過此研究能讓全世界更了解南北韓的語言文化。
North and South Korea are racially homogenous nations using a homogeneous language. However, due to a division of territory, they have been carrying different lives in various fields including politics, society and cultures, and therefore, the languages of North and South Korea are heterogenized. With increasing international interest in North Korea, there certainly is a need for us to study the language of North Korea. However, the language heterogenization largely due to discordances between North and South Korean language policies and grammar has caused difficulties and inconveniences for foreign learners of the Korean language.
The most unique characteristic of the Korean language is honorifics. In South Korea, language used to show politeness is called in various terms like ‘honorifics, words of treatments, words of respect and words of courtesy.’ In North Korea, the term ‘language manners’ are used in the same manner. In this study, in order to reduce the heterogenization of the North and South Korean languages for foreign Korean language learners, the `honorifics` of South Korea and `language manners` of North Korea have been compared. Since there is as much a limit to finding data for actual North Korean, North Korean modern literature was used as the North Korean language data.
In chapter 2, the standard language of South Korea and the cultural language of North Korea were studied as well as language policies and the grammar of the two nations. In chapter 3, the definitions and functions of the honorifics of South Korea and the language manners of North Korea were studied. In chapter 4, honorifics in uninflected words group were divided into nouns, personal pronouns and the titles of two nations for comparison. Postpositions, ‘-ggeseo’ and ‘-gge’, were included into the group because they are attached to the ends of uninflected words.
In chapter 5, honorifics in the predicate group were compared with subjective honorifics ‘-(eu)si-‘ and the endings in the relative honorifics of the two nations. Also, objective honorifics and the honorific words of predicates were studied. In chapter 6, special honorifics were studied with the words of politeness of South Korea and the syntax methods of North Korea. The syntax methods of North Korea were divided into diction and circumlocution. Also, the language manners for the sovereign ruler, the essence of North Korean language manners, were divided and studied in three groups: first, talking or writing about the sovereign ruler, second, talking or writing to the sovereign ruler and third, title modifiers and praises for the sovereign ruler.
This study compared the ‘honorific’ of South Korea and ‘language manners’ of North Korea which takes the most important part of Korean social sociolinguistics and vocabularies. The honorifics of South Korea are divided into ‘subjective honorifics’, ‘relative honorifics’ and ‘objective honorifics.’ On the contrary, the language manners of North Korea are divided into ‘manner relations with the listening person’ and ‘manner relations with the topic person,’ and they have set separate regulations for the essence of the language manners of North Korea, and the ‘language manners related with the sovereign ruler.’ The titles of South Korea vary, but the calling words of North Korea are mostly ‘- dongji’ or ‘- dongmu’. The language manners of North Korea are expressed with manner relation endings. Manner relation endings are divided into `social relation endings`, and each are equivalent to ‘social relation range’ and ‘title range.’ ‘Social relation range’ is the same as the range of endings in the relative honorifics of South Korea, and the ‘title ending range’ is the same as the range of ‘(eu)-si’ in subjective honorifics. The language manners of North Korea do not have separate objective honorifics. Considering they include the honorific words of class endings like ‘-gge’, ‘deurida’ and ‘mosida’ in language manners for the topic person, they do not separate subjectively and objectively in language manners. In special honorifics, the ‘words of politeness’ of South Korea have similar range to the ‘diction’ of North Korea. The ‘Circumlocution’ of North Korea is divided into expressions of respect and contempt or loathing. Expressions of contempt or loathing are mostly used to express hostile countries.
The ‘honorifics’ of South Korea and the ‘language manners’ of North Korea do not have much difference in the uses of languages except for descriptions. However, the language manners for the sovereign ruler must be observed. By showing extreme respect and admirations for the sovereign ruler and loathing and contempt for hostile countries, North Korean language shows extreme duplicity.
The limit of this study was that the language of North Korea was only indirectly available through using North Korean modern literature. The increased exchanges between North and South Korea will enable profound research with recent data to help foreign learners of the North and South Korean languages. |
