| 摘要: | 中國人從《詩經》、《楚辭》起，就已能借花卉來抒情寄意，「桃之夭夭，灼灼其華，之子於歸，宜室宜家」，或是「製芰荷以為衣兮，集芙蓉以為裳」等，皆是由純粹觀賞，進而與衣食需用息息相關。
許多花卉在西方文化中被賦予特定的意涵，事實上，中國傳統的文化中，也有不少花卉被賦予美好的性格特徵，如梅花象徵著民族之風骨，菊花代表文人之高潔， 牡丹花象徵花開富貴，蘭花是君子之氣節的代表；因此梅、蘭、竹、菊又名為「四君子」。而西方文化中，各種花卉所賦予的象徵性意義被稱之為花語，如紅玫瑰象徵愛情、美麗和熱情，罌粟花是對死亡的悼唁，鳶尾和百合在葬禮中象徵著「復活」和「生命」。無獨有偶，嬌豔大方的銀蓮花象徵著「復活」，故又稱為「復活節花」。向日葵代表迎向朝陽，劍蘭花象徵武裝、多情，以及康乃馨代表母親象徵著馨香、慈愛等。除此之外，世界上的許多文化中，花卉同樣是女性的象徵。
西方的花卉畫追本溯源至16世紀的學院派（Academic），故描繪花卉的古典（Classical）寫實的畫家相當地多，論文撰寫本想著重於卡拉瓦喬（Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio，1571-1610）與布勒哲爾．揚一世（Jan Bruegel.Ι1568-1625）論的花卉畫作研究，可惜的是，兩位花卉畫家遺留的畫作非常地稀少，其中花卉畫皆僅存一件。筆者只好再援引如下幾位其他畫派的花卉畫家們之畫作，來做深入地鑽研和解析。
十九世紀印象派（Impressionism）畫家莫內(Claude Monet 1840-1926)是發揮印象主義技法最透徹的一位。他提倡戶外寫生創作，研究光與影的關係，莫內花園的日本橋（Japanese Bridge）即是受日本浮世繪的影響。印象派的溫馨畫家雷諾瓦（Pierre-Auguste Renoir1841-1919），面對一個只完成一半的裸體畫，據說雷諾瓦會轉而去畫許多的玫瑰花，直到獲得處理模特兒皮膚微妙光澤的方法之後才住手。
後印象派（Post-Impressionism）花卉畫家梵谷（Vincent Willem van Gogh 1853-1891），是受日本浮世繪影響最深的一位西方畫家，他以短暫的十年繪畫生涯要與先賢並駕齊驅，的確艱辛。梵谷創作時的激情澎湃心靈，在其畫作上表露無遺。
隸屬象徵主義（Symbolism）和那比派（Nabis）的畫家魯東（Odilon Redon1840-1916），他的花卉畫雖從未脫離過客觀現實，卻一貫地追求夢幻與神祕的畫作氛圍，終於塑造了他的獨特繪畫風格。
女性畫家歐姬芙（Georgia O，Keeffe 1887-1986）的現代花卉畫最為著名，歐姬芙生前畫了兩百多幅花卉，把花芯、花蕊、花苞、花瓣等每個部位都刻意地放大，宛若從蜜蜂的眼睛裡細看花的局部。使得畫作富有抽象與寫實的神秘融合魅力。
東西方花卉畫作觀照宇宙的立場與出發點顯然大不相同，一是具體可捉摸的空間，由線條、色彩與光線表現之，西方油畫的光彩使畫境顯得更空靈生動。中國畫作的顏色單純而無光，不及油畫，乃另求他法，於是以水墨渲染為重。一是渾茫的太空與無邊的宇宙，畫中景物有明暗而無陰影；然畫家心靈的特性，全都化在筆墨裡。
東西方花卉畫的立場與出發點雖因文化傳統有異，但人們在觀賞一幅花卉畫的心情卻是一致的，因為觀賞花卉畫能滌淨雜亂的思緒，重拾生命的感動。
美麗的花卉不僅賞心悅目，且陶情養性因而花卉藝術創作能抒發人的性靈，應用在醫學治療上已成為一門顯學。
Chinese people from the "Book of Songs," "Songs of the South" have been able to put the flowers to lyrical meaning, "charming as peach flowers, shining the brilliance, married as an excellent housewife " “ make clothing by lotus and collect hibiscus as dressing” from simply the appreciation of the flowers then to the close relation to food and clothing needs.
Many flowers in both eastern and western cultures have been given a specific meaning. In traditional Chinese culture, many flowers have been given a good character traits, such as the plum blossom symbolizes the nation's strength of character, on behalf of the literati of the virtuous chrysanthemum, peony symbolizes wealth and flowers, orchids are a gentleman with integrity representative; so plum, orchid , bamboo and chrysanthemum also known as the "four gentlemen."
In Western culture, given the various flower known as the florid variety of symbolic significance, such as the red roses symbolize love, beauty and passion, poppy flower of death, condolences to Iris and Lily at the funeral as the sign of "resurrection" and the "Life." Coincidentally, Jiao-yan generous silver lotus symbol "Easter", it is also known as "Easter flowers." Sunflower on behalf of Milestone sun, a symbol of the sword arm of orchids, passionate, and charming carnations on behalf of the mother, etc. In addition, a symbol of fragrance in the world in many cultures, women spend the same symbol.
Western flower paintings go back to the 16th century the academic (Academic), the classical style (Classical) realist painters many papers will be Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio ,1571-1610), Bulezheer. Jan I (Jan Bruegel.Ι1568-1625) discussed a pity that two flower paintings are very few artists left behind, including flower paintings are the only remaining one.
Second, citing nineteenth-century Impressionist (Impressionism) painter, Monet (Claude Monet 1840-1926), Monet is to play an impression of the spirit of the most thorough one. He advocated the creation outdoor sketching, study the relationship between light and shadow, Monet Garden Taigu bridge that is, the impact of Japanese Ukiyo-e. Impressionist painter Renoir warm (Pierre-Auguste Renoir1841-1919), people say, only half-finished face of a nude painting, Renoir painting would turn to roses, painted many of the roses, until the exercises from the , access to how to deal with the delicate skin, shiny modeling approach.
Flower painter - Post-Impressionism (Post-Impressionism) Van Gogh (Vincent Willem van Gogh 1853-1891) is most influenced by Japanese Ukiyo-e of a Western artist. To short-term ten-year painting career, keep pace with the sages of the past is indeed difficult. Passion of the soul, in his paintings on the fully exposed.
Symbolism (Symbolism) Burnaby faction (Nabis) Ludong (Odilon Redon1840-1916), although the Ludong flower paintings had never been divorced from objective reality, but it has always been the pursuit of creative imagination, and a mysterious atmosphere, and finally shaped his personal style.
Female painter flower painting in modern O, Keeffe (Georgia O, Keeffe 1887-1986) exposition of O, Keeffe -painted 200 paintings during his lifetime flower to flower pin, stamen, flower buds, petal of each part is deliberately to enlarge, just like from the eyes of bee have seen the detail of the flowers. Abstract and realistic integration of the mysterious charm.
The East and West Flower Painting contemplation positions and the starting point of the universe clearly different, one can fathom a specific space, from the lines and light performance, the glory of Western painting to painting a vivid throughout the Emptiness. Chinese painting color simple, no light, less than painting, is also seeking his method, so as to render ink as the most important. First, Hun Mang space boundless universe, there is a world scene with light and dark shadows without; mind, however, the characteristics of artists, all of the ink inside.
East and West Flower paintings positions and the starting point for cultural traditions vary, however, people watching a flower painting, the mood is consistent, because the ornamental flower painting can be messy thoughts cleanse and restore life moving.
Flower art to express spirituality, the application in medical treatment has become a significant learning; the beautiful flowers provide the express of the nature of love. Flowers, painting has become one of the important ways of psychological therapy. |
